Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics (%) of age (mean age), socioeconomic status (SES), country of birth, chronic disease, leisure-time physical activity, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption.
The 2008–2016 Public Health Survey of Scania, Sweden. Total population n = 25420.
|
Women n = 13933 Social participation and generalized trust combined |
Men n = 11487 Social participation and generalized trust combined |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High/high n = 6091 41.8% | Low/high n = 2922 20.4% | High/low n = 257120.3% | Low/low n = 2349 17.5% | p-value | High/high n = 4797 41.1% | Low/high n = 2838 23.2% | High/low n = 1876 18.0% | Low/low n = 1976 17.7% | p-value | |
| Age, yrs: mean ± SD a | 43.8 ± 14.6 (43.3–44.3) | 51.7 ± 15.9 (50.9–52.5) | 39.8 ± 16.5 (39.0–40.5) | 47.5 ± 16.4 (46.6–48.4) | <0.001 | 44.3 ± 16.2 (43.7–44.8) | 52.9 ± 16.9 (52.1–53.7) | 40.2 ± 18.2 (39.3–41.1) | 50.3 ± 17.4 (49.4–51.2) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Higher non-manual employees | 12.9 (11.9–13.8) | 4.6 (3.7–5.5) | 5.9 (4.8–7.0) | 2.0 (1.3–2.7) | 17.3 (16.0–18.5) | 5.4 (4.5–6.4) | 6.4 (5.1–7.6) | 2.7 (1.9–3.5) | ||
| Medium non-manual employees | 23.8 (22.5–24.0) | 10.0 (8.7–11.2) | 14.4 (12.9–16.0) | 5.0 (3.9–6.1) | 18.6 (17.3–20.0) | 6.8 (5.7–7.8) | 11.5 (9.8–13.2) | 4.7 (3.7–5.8) | ||
| Low non-manual employees | 11.5 (10.5–12.5) | 8.9 (7.7–10.1) | 11.0 (9.5–12.5) | 9.6 (8.1–11.2) | 6.8 (5.9–7.7) | 4.0 (3.1–4.9) | 5.8 (4.5–7.1) | 3.2 (2.3–4.2) | ||
| Skilled blue-collar workers | 7.9 (7.1–8.7) | 9.2 (7.9–10.5) | 12.4 (10.8–14.0) | 9.4 (7.9–11.0) | 10.7 (9.6–11.8) | 12.2 (10.8–13.7) | 14.8 (12.7–16.8) | 10.4 (8.8–12.0) | ||
| Unskilled blue-collar workers | 9.5 (8.5–10.5) | 14.1 (12.4–15.7) | 13.4 (11.8–15.0) | 16.1 (14.2–17.9) | 9.6 (8.5–10.7) | 12.7 (11.2–14.2) | 15.4 (13.3–17.5) | 18.1 (15.9–20.3) | ||
| Self-employed/farmers | 4.6 (4.0–5.3) | 3.4 (2.6–4.2) | 4.2 (3.2–5.1) | 3.1 (2.2–4.0) | 8.3 (7.4–9.2) | 8.4 (7.1–9.7) | 8.0 (6.5–9.5) | 7.5 (6.1–8.9) | ||
| 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 6.2 (5.1–7.3) | 2.5 (1.8–3.2) | 10.1 (8.5–11.7) | 1.0 (0.6–1.3) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 1.2 (0.7–1.7) | 8.9 (7.1–10.6) | |||
| Unemployed | 2.1 (1.6–2.6) | 5.1 (3.9–6.2) | 4.7 (3.6–5.8) | 7.4 (6.0–8.9) | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | 3.9 (2.9–4.9) | 4.3 (3.1–5.6) | 7.4 (5.7–9.1) | ||
| Students | 9.4 (8.3–10.4) | 5.7 (4.5–7.0) | 14.1 (12.3–16.0) | 9.5 (7.7–11.4) | 6.8 (5.9–7.7) | 4.9 (3.5–6.0) | 11.8 (9.7–13.9) | 6.0 (4.4–7.6) | ||
| Old-age pensioners | 12.1 (11.2–13.0) | 28.2 (26.2–30.2) | 10.0 (8.8–11.2) | 19.6 (17.8–21.4) | 13.2 (12.1–14.2) | 29.9 (28.0–31.9) | 10.2 (8.8–11.7) | 23.3 (21.2–25.3) | ||
| Long-term sick-leave | 3.8 (3.1–4.4) | 3.1 (2.2–4.1) | 6.0 (4.9–7.3) | 4.9 (3.7–6.2) | 5.6 (4.7–6.5) | 5.8 (4.4–7.2) | 10.2 (8.2–12.1) | 5.6 (4.2–6.9) | ||
| Unclassified | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 3.2 (2.3–4.2) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 1.2 (0.7–1.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 2.2 (1.4–3.0) | ||
| Country of birth | 12.3 (11.1–13.4) | 22.5 (20.4–24.7) | 16.9 (14.8–19.0) | 27.9 (25.4–30.4) | <0.001 | 11.9 (10.6–13.2) | 19.7 (17.6–21.9) | 17.6 (15.1–20.1) | 26.8 (24.1–29.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic disease | 24.0 (22.7–25.3) | 32.6 (30.5–34.7) | 29.0 (26.9–31.1) | 40.8 (38.3–43.4) | <0.001 | 20.1 (18.8–21.5) | 31.0 (29.0–33.1) | 26.0 (23.5–28.5) | 39.8 (37.0–42.6) | <0.001 |
| Leisure-time physical activity | 6.8 (6.0–7.5) | 18.3 (16.5–20.1) | 10.2 (8.7–11.7) | 21.9 (19.8–24.1) | <0.001 | 8.2 (7.2–9.2) | 21.1 (19.1–23.1) | 12.3 (10.3–14.4) | 27.2 (24.6–29.7) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco smoking | 10.0 (9.0–10.9) | 17.6 (16.0–19.3) | 15.4 (13.7–17.2) | 25.5 (23.2–27.7) | <0.001 | 8.1 (7.1–9.1) | 15.1 (13.3–16.8) | 11.6 (9.7–13.4) | 24.6 (22.1–27.2) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 5.9 (5.2–6.7) | 22.7 (20.7–24.7) | 10.2 (8.6–11.8) | 27.3 (24.9–29.7) | 4.0 (3.3–4.7) | 12.7 (11.0–14.4) | 6.4 (4.8–8.1) | 18.3 (16.0–20.6) | ||
| 1 time per month or less | 23.0 (21.7–24.3) | 30.8 (28.7–33.0) | 26.8 (24.7–28.9) | 34.4 (32.0–36.8) | 12.4 (11.2–13.6) | 24.2 (22.2–26.2) | 18.1 (15.8–20.4) | 25.5 (23.1–27.9) | ||
| 2-4 times per month | 40.0 (38.5–41.5) | 27.8 (25.8–29.8) | 39.7 (37.4–42.0) | 23.3 (21.2–25.4) | 41.8 (40.0–43.5) | 31.7 (29.6–33.8) | 43.5 (40.7–46.4) | 28.5 (25.9–31.1) | ||
| 2-3 times per week | 25.6 (24.3–26.9) | 14.4 (12.9–15.9) | 18.6 (16.8–20.4) | 11.1 (9.6–12.7) | 31.7 (30.1–33.3) | 21.4 (19.6–23.1) | 24.4 (22.0–26.7) | 17.8 (15.8–19.9) | ||
| 4 times per week or more | 5.5 (4.8–6.1) | 4.3 (3.4–5.1) | 4.7 (3.8–5.6) | 3.9 (3.0–4.8) | 10.1 (9.2–11.1) | 10.1 (8.8–11.3) | 7.6 (6.2–8.9) | 9.9 (8.3–11.5) | ||
| Social participation | 0.0 (---) | 100.0 (---) | 0.0 (---) | 100.0 (---) | <0.001 | 0.0 (--) | 100.0 (---) | 0.0 (---) | 100.0 (---) | <0.001 |
| Generalized trust in other people | 0.0 (---) | 0.00 (---) | 100.0 (---) | 100.0 (---) | <0.001 | 0.0 (--) | 0.0 (---) | 100.0 (---) | 100.0 (---) | <0.001 |
a p-value: Independent samples Anova-test, 2-tailed.
b p-value: Pearson Chi Square test, 2-sided.
The values in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals for mean or percent based on bootstrap method with 2000 number of replicates.