Table 2.

Hazard rate ratios (HRR:s) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI:s) from Cox regression models for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, showing association with combinations of social participation and generalized trust in other people.

The 2008–2016 Scania public health survey with 8.3 years follow-up.

Men and women combined. Total population n = 25420.

	Model 0		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Number of deaths
Cause of death	HR	(95%CI)	HR	(95%CI)	HR	(95%CI)	HR	(95%CI)
All causes (Social participation/trust)									1304
High/high	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Low/high	3.4***	(2.9–4.0)	1.7***	(1.4–2.0)	1.6***	(1.3–1.9)	1.3**	(1.1–1.5)
High/low	0.9	(0.7–1.2)	1.2	(0.9–1.5)	1.1	(0.8–1.4)	1.1	(0.8–1.3)
Low/low	3.2***	(2.6–3.8)	2.1***	(1.8–2.6)	1.8***	(1.5–2.2)	1.4***	(1.2–1.7)
Cause-specific:
Cardiovascular									383
High/high	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Low/high	4.6***	(3.3–6.3)	2.1***	(1.5–2.9)	1.9***	(1.4–2.8)	1.5*	(1.1–2.2)
High/low	0.7	(0.4–1.2)	0.8	(0.4–1.5)	0.8	(0.4–1.4)	0.7	(0.4–1.4)
Low/low	4.1***	(2.9–5.9)	2.7***	(1.8–3.9)	2.3***	(1.5–3.3)	1.6*	(1.1–2.5)
Cancer									517
High/high	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Low/high	2.6***	(2.0–3.3)	1.3*	(1.0–1.7)	1.3	(1.0–1.6)	1.2	(0.9–1.5)
High/low	1.0	(0.7–1.4)	1.3	(0.9–1.7)	1.2	(0.9–1.7)	1.2	(0.9–1.7)
Low/low	2.4***	(1.8–3.2)	1.6**	(1.2–2.2)	1.5**	(1.1–2.0)	1.3	(1.0–1.8)
Other causes									404
High/high	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Low/high	3.8***	(2.7–5.2)	1.9***	(1.4–2.6)	1.6***	(1.2–2.3)	1.3	(0.9–1.8)
High/low	1.1	(0.7–1.6)	1.3*	(0.8–2.0)	1.2	(0.8–1.8)	1.1	(0.7–1.7)
Low/low	3.6***	(2.5–5.1)	2.4***	(1.7–3.5)	1.9**	(1.3–2.7)	1.4	(0.9–2.0)

Model 0 Unadjusted.

Model 1 Adjusted for sex and age.

Model 2 Additionally adjusted for socioeconomic status, country of birth and chronic disease.

Model 3 Additionally adjusted for leisure-time physical activity, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption (including all variables in models 0–3).

Significance levels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Weighted Hazard Ratios. Bootstrap method (2000 replicates) for variation estimation.