Table 3.
Hazard rate ratios (HRR:s) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI:s) from Cox regression models for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, showing association with combinations of social participation and generalized trust in other people.
The 2008–2016 Scania public health survey with 8.3 years follow-up.
Stratified by gender. Total population n = 25420.
| Model 0 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Number of deaths | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of death | HR | (95%CI) | HR | (95%CI) | HR | (95%CI) | HR | (95%CI) | |
| All causes (High social participation/trust) | |||||||||
| Women | 528 | ||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Low/high | 3.4*** | (2.6–4.4) | 1.7*** | (1.3–2.2) | 1.5** | (1.2–2.0) | 1.2 | (0.9–1.6) | |
| High/low | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.6) | |
| Low/low | 2.7*** | (2.0–3.6) | 1.9*** | (1.4–2.6) | 1.6** | (1.2–2.2) | 1.2 | (0.9–1.6) | |
| Men | 776 | ||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Low/high | 3.4*** | (2.7–4.2) | 1.7*** | (1.4–2.1) | 1.6*** | (1.3–2.0) | 1.4** | (1.1–1.7) | |
| High/low | 0.9 | (0.7–1.3) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.5) | 1.0 | (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.4) | |
| Low/low | 3.5*** | (2.7–4.4) | 2.3*** | (1.8–2.9) | 1.9*** | (1.5–2.5) | 1.6*** | (1.2–2.0) | |
| Cause-specific: | |||||||||
| Cardiovascular | |||||||||
| Women | 120 | ||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Low/high | 4.1*** | (2.2–7.6) | 1.8 | (1.0–3.4) | 1.6 | (0.8–3.1) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.1) | |
| High/low | 1.1 | (0.2–4.5) | 1.3 | (0.3–5.8) | 1.2 | (0.3–5.3) | 1.1 | (0.3–5.0) | |
| Low/low | 3.4*** | (1.8–6.7) | 2.3* | (1.2–4.5) | 1.9 | (0.9–3.9) | 1.2 | (0.5–2.5) | |
| Men | 263 | ||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Low/high | 4.6*** | (3.1–6.9) | 2.2*** | (1.5–3.4) | 2.1*** | (1.4–3.2) | 1.7* | (1.1–2.7) | |
| High/low | 0.5* | (0.2–1.0) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.2) | 0.5 | (0.3–1.1) | 0.5 | (0.3–1.1) | |
| Low/low | 4.4*** | (2.9–6.9) | 2.8*** | (1.8–4.4) | 2.4*** | (1.6–3.8) | 1.9** | (1.2–3.0) | |
| Cancer | |||||||||
| Women | |||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 243 | ||||
| Low/high | 2.3*** | (1.6–3.5) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.9) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.6) | |
| High/low | 0.8 | (0.5–1.4) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.7) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.7) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.6) | |
| Low/low | 2.0** | (1.3–3.1) | 1.5 | (1.0–2.3) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.7) | |
| Men | 274 | ||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Low/high | 2.7*** | (1.9–3.9) | 1.4 | (1.0–2.0) | 1.3 | (0.9–1.9) | 1.3 | (0.9–1.8) | |
| High/low | 1.2 | (0.8–2.0) | 1.5 | (0.9–2.4) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.3) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.3) | |
| Low/low | 2.7*** | (1.8–4.1) | 1.8** | (1.2–2.7) | 1.6* | (1.1–2.5) | 1.5 | (1.0–2.3) | |
| Other causes | |||||||||
| Women | 165 | ||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| low/high | 5.5*** | (3.2–9.4) | 2.6*** | (1.5–4.5) | 2.2** | (1.3–3.9) | 1.7 | (0.9–3.0) | |
| high/low | 1.3 | (0.6–2.7) | 1.6 | (0.8–3.4) | 1.4 | (0.7–3.1) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.9) | |
| low/low | 3.8*** | (2.1–6.8) | 2.6*** | (1.5–4.8) | 2.0** | (1.1–3.7) | 1.5 | (0.8–2.8) | |
| Men | 239 | ||||||||
| High/high | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| low/high | 3.0*** | (1.9–4.5) | 1.6* | (1.0–2.4) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.7) | |
| high/low | 1.0 | (0.6–1.7) | 1.2 | (0.7–2.0) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 | (0.6–1.8) | |
| low/low | 3.5*** | (2.2–5.5) | 2.3*** | (1.5–3.7) | 1.8* | (1.1–2.9) | 1.4 | (0.8–2.2) | |
Model 0 unadjusted.
Model 1 Adjusted for age.
Model 2 Additionally adjusted for socioeconomic status, country of birth and chronic disease.
Model 3 Additionally adjusted for leisure-time physical activity, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption (including all variables in models 0–3).
Significance levels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Weighted Hazard Ratios. Bootstrap method (2000 replicates) for variation estimation.