TABLE I -.

Studies included on patient preference and adherence to therapy

Author	Disease	Main aim	Study design	No. patients	Main finding
Eliasaf et al. 2016 (25)	Osteoporosis	Determine compliance and persistence with osteoporosis therapy among postmenopausal women and to assess attitudes regarding treatment resumption among patients on drug holiday.	Prospective observational study	150	Compliance was high overall (80%); there was not a preferred medication among patients on drug holiday.
Freemantle et al. 2012 (23)	Osteoporosis	Compare treatment adherence between subcutaneous denosumab every 6 months and oral alendronate once weekly.	2-year, randomized, crossover study	250	Of 198 subjects expressing treatment preference, 92.4% preferred injectable denosumab over oral alendronate. Denosumab was associated with less nonadherence than alendronate (first year, 11.9% vs. 23.4%; second year, 7.5% vs. 36.5%).
Jarab et al. 2020 (24)	Osteoporosis	Explore factors associated with medication nonadherence in Jordan.	Observational	296	72.3% were nonadherent; patients were less likely to adhere to the prescribed medications with each unit increase in the number of prescribed medications and if they did not have a trust in the efficacy of the medications.
Oral et al. 2015 (27)	Osteoporosis	Examine the level of compliance and persistence in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis receiving daily risedronate with either fixed dosing of three different timing regimens (A: before breakfast; B: in-between meals; C: before bedtime) or with flexible dosing.	Randomized, crossover study	448	49.7% preferred flexible and 50.3% fixed timing; a significant difference between the flexible and fixed regimens was seen in persistence in favor of the flexible regimen. Persistence was defined as the continuation of treatment at Week 26.
Sakai et al. 2014 (26)	Osteoporosis	Evaluate the effects of once-monthly minodronate on treatment persistence and clinical parameters in outpatients previously treated with daily or weekly bisphosphonate products.	Multicenter, prospective, open-label, observational study	264 and 133 patients were allocated into the Switch and Continue groups (continue daily or weekly bisphosphonates).	Approximately 65% of patients were willing to switch to minodronate, with the predominant reason being “less frequent dosing more convenient.” Treatment persistence was significantly higher in the Switch group. Persistence was assessed through Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed using the log-rank test.
Thomasius et al. 2016 (28)	Osteoporosis	Compared the preference, acceptability, and tolerability of a reformulation of Calcichew D31 500 mg/400 IU and Calcichew D3 500 mg/800 IU with Adcal-D32 500 mg/400 IU and Kalcipos-D 500 mg/800 IU.	Phase IV, randomized, open-label, two-period, cross-over study	276	Patients preferred Calcichew D3 500/400 and Calcichew D3 500/800 over comparators as it is significantly less chalky and sticky, and is easier to chew and swallow. Acceptability did not affect compliance.
Al Hayek et al. 2020 (31)	Type 1 diabetes	Compare preferences and adherence for 6-mm and 8-mm injection needles.	Prospective cohort study	62	6-mm needles were associated with lower pain score, higher patient adherence, greater patient satisfaction, and better glycemic control compared to 8-mm needles.
Ishii et al. 2018 (32)	Type 2 diabetes	Compare the treatment satisfaction of four classes of oral agents: DPP-4 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, and sulfonylureas.	12-week, randomized, controlled, open-label study	64	DPP-4 inhibitor was the most preferable option in terms of treatment satisfaction and had the highest adherence.
Plaza et al. 2018 (29)	Moderate to severe asthma	Assess the impact of patient satisfaction with an inhaler on adherence and health outcomes.	Cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study	778	High specific satisfaction with an inhaler was associated with younger age, male gender, controlled asthma, high general satisfaction with treatment, high adherence to inhaler, nonsevere asthma, and no trouble with inhaler use.
Valero et al. 2019 (30)	Moderate to severe asthma	Compare patient satisfaction of three dry powder inhalers.	Register of an observational, multicenter study	328	Specific satisfaction with inhaler was significantly higher with Easyhaler™, as well as the percentage of patients with high satisfaction with inhaler. Scores for Easyhaler™ were also significantly better for items such as learning how to use, inhaler preparation, inhaler use, weight and size, and portability. There were no significant differences in asthma control or adherence between inhalers.
Wu et al. 2019 (33)	Atrial fibrillation	Compare persistence and outcomes of non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) vs. warfarin.	Prospective cohort study	344	Persistence with anticoagulants was low and dropped sharply at the third month; patients on NOACs had worse persistence at 3, 6, and 12 months than those on warfarin; the main reason for anticoagulant cessation was patient preference (adverse events, costs).
Hugo et al. 2021 (34)	Kidney transplantation	Evaluate conversion from immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-T) to prolonged-release tacrolimus (PR-T) in stable kidney transplant recipients.	12-month, noninterventional study	183	Among patients reporting a preference, 78.4% preferred PR-T. Following conversion from IR-T to PR-T adherence was high and kidney function was stable over 12 months.