. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Eur J Heart Fail. 2021 Jun 6;23(10):1712–1721. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2207

Table 2.

Association of overall heart failure with incident total and site-specific cancers

Outcome	Age-adjusted^a			Multivariable-adjusted^a,b
	No. of events	HR (95% CI)	P-value	No. of events	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Total	17 475	1.39 (1.22–1.58)	<0.001	13 966	1.28 (1.11–1.48)	<0.001
Obesity-related	10 209	1.27 (1.07–1.52)	0.008	8215	1.24 (1.02–1.51)	0.03
Tobacco-related	3834	1.85 (1.47–2.32)	<0.001	3017	1.24 (0.94–1.63)	0.13
Breast	5757	1.06 (0.81–1.39)	0.67	4604	1.17 (0.87–1.56)	0.29
Lung	1596	2.51 (1.85–3.40)	<0.001	1243	1.58 (1.09–2.30)	0.02
Colorectal	1657	1.64 (1.13–2.38)	0.009	1337	1.52 (1.02–2.27)	0.04

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

All models stratified by Women’s Health Initiative study (clinical trial vs. observational study).

Variables: body mass index (kg/m²), diabetes (yes/no), and smoking (never, former, current) as time-varying covariates; smoking (pack-years), age at enrolment, baseline primary care physician visit within 1 year, physical activity (MET-h/week), alcohol (non-drinker, past drinker, <1 drink/month, <1 drink/week, 1–< 7 drinks/week, ≥7 drinks/week), ethnicity (American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black or African-American, Hispanic/Latino, White, other), education (high school or less, high school or GED, >high school–Bachelor’s degree, >Bachelor’s degree), income (less than $34 999, $35 000–$74 999, $75 000–$99 999, >$100 000), hormone use ever (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), cardiac medication use [beta-blockers (yes/no), calcium channel blockers (yes/no), antiarrhythmic (yes/no), and antihypertensives (yes/no)], family history of cancer, history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no), high cholesterol (yes/no).