Table 9.
Model coefficients of the mediation effect of HM on CurrTRM via ∆TRM
| Dependent variables | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | (1) CurrTRM |
(2) ∆TRM |
(3) CurrTRM |
| Direct effects | |||
| HM |
1.23*** (0.36) |
−0.03 (0.34) |
1.15*** (0.40) |
| ∆TRM | – | – |
0.95*** (0.25) |
| Years | – |
−0.04 (0.06) |
– |
| Constant |
4.25*** (0.28) |
1.48*** (0.56) |
3.17*** (0.43) |
| R2 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.37 |
| Indirect effects | |||
| HM via ∆TRM | – | – |
−0.03 (0.32) |
| Total effects | |||
| HM |
1.23*** (0.36) |
−0.03 (0.34) |
1.12*** (0.41) |
Coefficients and standard errors (in parentheses) were estimated using maximum likelihood estimation with robust standard errors. The dummy variable HM represents HM participation, and ∆TRM reflect perceived changes in the quality of tax risk management. CurrTRM is the perceived current quality of tax risk management. Years represents the timeframe for which participants were asked to indicate change. Direct effects correspond to parameter estimates in multiple regressions and represent the effects net of any effect by control variables included in the model. Indirect effects of HM represent the mediation effect and equals the product of the direct effects of HM on ∆TRM (Column 2) and of ∆TRM on CurrTRM (Column 3). Total effects of HM represent the sum of direct and indirect effects and corresponds to the coefficient of HM in a regression on CurrTRM without controlling for ∆TRM (Column 1). ***, **, and * indicate two-tailed statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10% level, respectively.