Fig. 7.

The underlying mechanisms by which BHD reduces high glucose-induced fibrosis and inflammation in vitro. A Western blot and quantitative data for fibronectin (FN), collagen I (Col I), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNF-α. B Western blot and quantitative data for phosphorylated Smad3, phosphorylated p65, Smad7 and Arkadia. Man, mannitol (osmolality control). HG, high glucose; SIS3, a specific Smad3 inhibitor, 2 μM. Data represent the means  ±  SEM from 3–4 independent experiments. *P  <  0.05, **P  <  0.01, ***P  <  0.001 versus normal control. ^#P  <  0.05, ^##P  <  0.01, ^###P  <  0.001 versus high glucose