Table 3.
Ten lowest estimated intake and significant endpoints by population
| Phthalate | Endpoint statistically significant | Effect | Population Tested | Estimated intake a | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEHP | Number of ovarian antral follicles | Decreased | Women | 0.03–0.16 b | [39] |
| BBP | Serum steroid hormone binding globulin in children | Increased | Mothers 3 T | 0.06 | [50] |
| BBP | Social problems in children | Increased | Mothers 3 T | 0.07 | [64] |
| DIBP | Masculine play behavior in boys | Decreased | Mothers 2 T | 0.08 | [52] |
| BBP | Thyroid hormone T3 | Decreased | Children (4–9 yo) | 0.10 | [71] |
| DIBP | Number of ovarian antral follicles | Decreased | Women | 0.13 | [39] |
| DIBP | Motor and psychomotor development in children | Delayed and Decreased | Mothers 3 T | 0.17 | [66] |
| DEHP | Height standard deviation | Decreased | Children (12 yo) | 0.18 | [72] |
| DIBP | Estrogen, testosterone and free testosterone | Decreased | Children (8–14 yo) | 0.18 | [50, 53] |
| DEHP | Insulin sensitivity | Increased | Children (12 yo) | 0.19 | [72] |
a In microgram per kilogram of body weight per day
b Range of intake estimated based on urinary concentration of monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP)
Abbreviations: DEHP diethylhexyl phthalate; DBP dibutyl phthalate; BBP butylbenzyl phthalate; DIBP diisobutyl phthalate; 1 T, 2 T, 3 T first, second and third trimester; yo year-old