Table 1.

Count of datasets annotated with DUO by data custodian as of February 2021

Data custodian	Datasets annotated with DUO
Broad Institute	225
Sanger Institute	700
EGA	1,021
HDR UK	568
BBMRI-ERIC	In progress. Manual for data managers with guidance for DUO annotations released: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4427731
AMED Biobank Network (GEM Japan)	203,900
Australian Genomics	14
H3Africa	16

A census of datasets annotated with DUO in February 2021 highlights widespread adoption of the standard. Early implementers such as EGA are now requiring DUO annotation upon dataset submission. New partners such as BBMRI-ERIC are only starting the annotation process. AMED Biobank has made a very large number of DUO annotations, as they consider each sample to be its own dataset. An example implementation in the EGA is described in supplemental information.