Table 5.
Odds ratios from a binary logistic regression model predicting willingness to pay for water in Ugandan households in the period March-June 2020.
| Variable | Odds ratio | Confidence Interval |
|---|---|---|
| Age of the household head (RC = 18-27) | ||
| 28-37 | 0.993 | 0.707-1.393 |
| 38-47 | 0.980 | 0.671-1.431 |
| 48+ | 1.159 | 0.788-1.706 |
| Sex of the household head (RC = Male) | ||
| Female | 0.672** | 0.486-0.928 |
| Region (RC = Western) | ||
| Central | 0.940 | 0.691-1.280 |
| Northern | 2.468**** | 1.708-3.566 |
| Eastern | 1.923**** | 1.348-2.743 |
| Marital status of the household head (RC = Currently married) | ||
| Not currently married | 1.198 | 0.870-1.650 |
| Household size (RC = 1-4) | ||
| 5+ | 0.903 | 0.703-1.159 |
| Main occupation of household head (RC = None) | ||
| Farming | 1.319 | 0.623-2.794 |
| Salaried employment | 1.306 | 0.595-2.866 |
| Self-employment | 1.244 | 0.573-2.698 |
| Casual labour | 1.313 | 0.546-3.154 |
| Student | 0.650 | 0.181-2.330 |
| Household chores/Others | 0.989 | 0.314-3.111 |
| Highest education level (RC = None) | ||
| Primary | 1.058 | 0.553-2.024 |
| Secondary | 1.215 | 0.637-2.317 |
| Tertiary/University | 1.378 | 0.693-2.739 |
| Main source of water (RC = Piped water in household) | ||
| Piped (outside | 0.444**** | 0.335-0.589 |
| Harvested | 0.517** | 0.274-0.976 |
| Borehole | 0.814 | 0.574-1.153 |
| Wells/Springs/Stream/River | 1.001 | 0.684-1.465 |
| Quantity of water in household used has increased due to COVID-19 since March 2020 (RC = Same as before March 2020) | ||
| Decreased | 1.184 | 0.862-1.627 |
| Increased | 0.857 | 0.658-1.116 |
| Whether household buys/pays for water used (RC = Yes) | ||
| No | 2.125**** | 1.581-2.857 |
| Number of times wash hands (RC = 2-6) | ||
| 7-15 | 0.686*** | 0.542-0.869 |
| Monthly household income since March 2020 (RC = More than USD 135.5) | ||
| Below USD2.7 | 0.513 | 0.172-1.534 |
| USD 2.7-USD 6.8 | 2.064 | 0.864-4.932 |
| USD 6.8-USD 13.5 | 1.142 | 0.493-2.643 |
| USD 13.5-USD 20.3 | 0.909 | 0.394-2.099 |
| USD 20.3-USD 27.1 | 1.367 | 0.599-3.120 |
| USD 27.1-USD 40.6 | 0.684 | 0.299-1.565 |
| USD 40.6-USD 81.3 | 0.923 | 0.405-2.102 |
| USD 81.3-USD 135.5 | 0.566 | 0.237-1.347 |
| Constant | 1.230 | 0.336-4.496 |
Note: Base category is “Willing to pay”; RC = reference categories. **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; ****p < 0.001.