Table 3.
Built environment characteristics and their relationship with change in weight (in kilograms) at 1, 3, and 5 years from baseline (mean difference), after adjusting for baseline demographics, weight, and year-specific patient property values at the tax parcel level
| Built environment characteristic | 1 year | 3 year | 5 year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Wt. Change (95% CI) | P-value | Wt. Change (95% CI) | P-value | Wt. Change (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Overall | 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.64 (0.59, 0.68) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | |||
|
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| Population density tertiles (800 m) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.0 to <15.8) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.23) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.83) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.20) | |||
| Tertile 2 (15.8 to <26.0) | 0.07 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.71) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | |||
| Tertile 3 (26.0 to 129.5) | −0.06 (−0.12, 0.01) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.43, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.67, 0.86) | <0.001 |
|
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| Residential unit density tertiles (800 m) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.0 to <6.4) | 0.15 (0.09, 0.21) | 0.73 (0.66, 0.81) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | |||
| Tertile 2 (6.4 to <11.5) | 0.11 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.68 (0.61, 0.76) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.09) | |||
| Tertile 3 (11.5 to 123.3) | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.02) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.39, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.65, 0.84) | <0.001 |
|
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| Transit threshold for residential unit density (800 m) | ||||||
| 0.0 to <18.0 | 0.09 (0.05, 0.13) | 0.67 (0.63, 0.72) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | |||
| 18.0 to 123.0 | −0.16 (−0.27, −0.06) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.19, 0.47) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.45, 0.80) | <0.001 |
|
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| Road intersection density tertiles (800 m) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0.0 to <0.5) | 0.11 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.69 (0.62, 0.77) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | |||
| Tertile 2 (0.5 to <0.7) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.77) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.08) | |||
| Tertile 3 (0.7 to 1.9) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.009 | 0.52 (0.44, 0.60) | 0.002 | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) | <0.001 |
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| Fast food count (1,600 m) | ||||||
| None | 0.13 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.68 (0.61, 0.75) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | |||
| Any | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.006 | 0.61 (0.55, 0.67) | 0.130 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.97) | 0.045 |
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| Fast food count tertiles (5,000 m) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0 to <14) | 0.13 (0.06, 0.19) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.17) | |||
| Tertile 2 (14 to <28) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.16) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.76) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | |||
| Tertile 3 (28 to 99) | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.02) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.39, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.66, 0.84) | <0.001 |
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| Supermarket count (1,600 m) | ||||||
| None | 0.12 (0.07, 0.18) | 0.69 (0.62, 0.75) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | |||
| Any | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.004 | 0.60 (0.53, 0.66) | 0.039 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.025 |
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| Supermarket count tertiles (5,000 m) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 (0 to <5) | 0.16 (0.09, 0.23) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.23) | |||
| Tertile 2 (5 to <9) | 0.09 (0.03, 0.15) | 0.67 (0.59, 0.74) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.07) | |||
| Tertile 3 (9 to 26) | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.02) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.42, 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.67, 0.84) | <0.001 |
Wt = weight, CI = confidence interval
Note: All densities are calculated as units per hectare. Population, residential, and road intersection densities based on Euclidean distance. Fast food and supermarket counts based on network-based buffer. Transit threshold refers to the residential unit density needed to support development of transit systems. Models adjust for sex (male and female), baseline age (nonlinearly via spline terms with 10 DF), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian, Hawai’ian / Pacific Islander, Native American / Alaska Native, and Other), Medicaid (yes/no), and baseline weight (nonlinearly via spline terms with 5 DF, allowing association to differ by gender), and patient residential property values at the tax parcel level. Separate model fit for each BE variable. Models for fast food and supermarket counts at 1600m are binary comparisons of any vs. none, not tertiles. P-values compare 1, 3, and 5-year weight change between the third and first tertile (or any versus none for binary variables).