Table 2.
Comparison of demographic, HIV, clinical, and hospitalization characteristics of participants who did and did not undergo complete lumbar puncture in the overall cohort and among adult, pediatric, urban, and rural sub-cohorts
| Demographics | Overall cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| LP completed (N = 143) | LP not completed (N = 114) | P | |
| Site, n (%) | |||
| Rural 1 | 12 (8%) | 7 (6%) | < 0.001 |
| Rural 2 | 31 (22%) | 63 (55%) | |
| Urban | 100 (70%) | 44 (39%) | |
| Urban, n (%) | 100 (70%) | 44 (39%) | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 75 (52%) | 60 (53%) | 1 |
| Pediatric participants, n (%) | 24 (17%) | 49 (43%) | < 0.001 |
| Age, mean (SD | |||
| HIV characteristics | |||
| Using ART, [n (%) | 68 (48%) | 65 (57%) | 0.13 |
| CD4 count, cells/uL, median (IQR) | 178 (66–404) | 272 (100–534) | 0.06 |
| Log HIV viral load, mean (SD) | 8.9 (4.0) | 9.3 (3.5) | 0.54 |
| Virally suppressed at enrollment, n (%) | 14 (25%) | 18 (21%) | 0.58 |
| WHO stage at enrollment, n (%) | |||
| Stage I | 27 (19%) | 34 (30%) | 0.047 |
| Stage II | 6 (4%) | 5 (4%) | |
| Stage III | 35 (25%) | 35 (31%) | |
| Stage IV | 73 (52%) | 40 (35%) | |
| Time from HIV diagnosis to ART initiation, days, median (IQR) | 144 (22–182) | 77 (3–181) | 0.26 |
| Time from ART initiation to index seizure, days, median (IQR) | 1,168 (231–2,338) | 200 (4–1,580) | 0.03 |
| Time from HIV diagnosis to seizure, days, median (IQR) | 161 (4–1,636) | 143 (1–1,594) | 0.78 |
| Time from HIV diagnosis to study enrollment, days, median (IQR) | 164 (10–1,636) | 150 (6–1,595) | 0.56 |
| HIV diagnosis within 30 days of study enrollment, n (%) | 46 (37%) | 43 (38%) | 0.8 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Cerebral malaria | 2 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 0.62 |
| Coma | 9 (15%) | 1 (1%) | 0.001 |
| Loss of consciousness | 4 (6%) | 4 (4%) | 0.48 |
| Meningitis | 5 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.007 |
| Stroke | 4 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 0.43 |
| Opportunistic infection | 15 (24%) | 34 (34%) | 0.19 |
| Seizure characteristics | |||
| History of seizures, n (%) | 5 (4%) | 5 (4%) | 0.75 |
| Time between seizure and enrollment, days, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.81 |
| Number of seizures in 2 weeks prior to enrollment, median (IQR) | 2 (1– 3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.36 |
| History of focal seizures, n (%) | 50 (35%) | 36 (32%) | 0.57 |
| Symptoms preceding seizure [n (%)] | |||
| Headache | 43 (69%) | 54 (54%) | 0.053 |
| Fever | 60 (42%) | 49 (43%) | 0.87 |
| Focal weakness | 14 (23%) | 10 (10%) | 0.03 |
| Meningismus | 18 (29%) | 12 (12%) | 0.007 |
| Encephalopathy | 30 (48%) | 31 (31%) | 0.03 |
| Hospitalization characteristics | |||
| Temperature on admission, mean (SD) | 36.6 (1.4) | 37.0 (1.5) | 0.13 |
| Fever on admission, n (%) | 7 (11%) | 27 (27%) | 0.02 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale (total score) on admission, median (IQR) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (9–15) | 0.001 |
| Length of hospitalization, days, median (IQR) | 12 (6–18) | 8 (3–16) | 0.09 |
| Died before discharge, n (%) | 35 (24%) | 32 (28%) | 0.51 |
ART = antiretroviral therapy; LP = lumbar puncture.
*
Data from the urban adult cohort were collected before data were collected from the remaining cohorts. Therefore, some clinical data are not available for the urban cohort.