Table 3.
Multinomial logistic model
| Pakistan | Nigeria | Afghanistan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NV | IV | NV | IV | NV | IV | |
| RRR | RRR | RRR | RRR | RRR | RRR | |
| Maternal empowerment | ||||||
| Not empowered | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Empowered | 0.704* | 0.987 | 0.580*** | 0.906 | 0.582*** | 0.728*** |
| [0.503, 0.986] | [0.810, 1.203] | [0.506, 0.665] | [0.805, 1.019] | [0.443, 0.765] | [0.622, 0.852] | |
| Mother’s occupational status | ||||||
| Not working | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Working | 0.952 | 0.862 | 0.627*** | 0.915 | 1.378* | 1.386*** |
| [0.568, 1.596] | [0.645, 1.152] | [0.542, 0.726] | [0.807, 1.037] | [1.038, 1.830] | [1.152, 1.669] | |
| Mother’s current age | ||||||
| 15–24 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 25–34 | 0.704* | 0.824* | 0.774*** | 0.808*** | 0.906 | 0.803** |
| [0.502, 0.986] | [0.684, 0.993] | [0.672, 0.892] | [0.724, 0.901] | [0.760, 1.079] | [0.695, 0.929] | |
| 35+ | 0.769 | 0.820 | 0.801** | 0.832** | 0.699*** | 0.779** |
| [0.456, 1.297] | [0.625, 1.077] | [0.678, 0.947] | [0.724, 0.956] | [0.579, 0.843] | [0.665, 0.913] | |
| Rural/urban residence | ||||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Urban | 1.749* | 1.112 | 0.853 | 0.783*** | 1.116 | 1.139 |
| [1.030, 2.972] | [0.855, 1.447] | [0.681, 1.068] | [0.685, 0.894] | [0.751, 1.660] | [0.929, 1.397] | |
| Mother’s highest education level | ||||||
| No education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary | 0.545 | 0.595*** | 0.496*** | 0.696*** | 0.510*** | 0.812 |
| [0.295, 1.007] | [0.451, 0.785] | [0.412, 0.597] | [0.594, 0.815] | [0.378, 0.687] | [0.652, 1.012] | |
| Secondary | 0.393* | 0.585*** | 0.275*** | 0.562*** | 0.451*** | 0.624** |
| [0.182, 0.846] | [0.438, 0.781] | [0.226, 0.334] | [0.479, 0.659] | [0.291, 0.699] | [0.450, 0.865] | |
| Higher | 0.738 | 0.562** | 0.123*** | 0.524*** | 0.315** | 0.863 |
| [0.305, 1.787] | [0.397, 0.797] | [0.0817, 0.185] | [0.414, 0.664] | [0.141, 0.705] | [0.464, 1.607] | |
| Father’s highest education level | ||||||
| No education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary | 0.609 | 1.064 | 0.554*** | 0.744** | 0.800 | 0.932 |
| [0.368, 1.008] | [0.861, 1.316] | [0.446, 0.689] | [0.613, 0.901] | [0.630, 1.016] | [0.813, 1.068] | |
| Secondary | 0.368*** | 0.797 | 0.512*** | 0.776** | 0.716** | 0.698*** |
| [0.225, 0.602] | [0.634, 1.001] | [0.419, 0.626] | [0.648, 0.928] | [0.570, 0.899] | [0.610, 0.798] | |
| Higher | 0.552 | 1.052 | 0.462*** | 0.733** | 0.908 | 0.796 |
| [0.301, 1.011] | [0.812, 1.364] | [0.347, 0.616] | [0.583, 0.921] | [0.642, 1.285] | [0.615, 1.029] | |
| Household wealth quintile | ||||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Poorer | 0.773 | 0.752 | 0.969 | 0.995 | 0.807 | 0.878 |
| [0.446, 1.339] | [0.549, 1.029] | [0.774, 1.213] | [0.822, 1.206] | [0.608, 1.072] | [0.687, 1.123] | |
| Middle | 0.545 | 0.772 | 0.863 | 0.835 | 0.732 | 0.841 |
| [0.292, 1.017] | [0.567, 1.052] | [0.660, 1.127] | [0.677, 1.031] | [0.503, 1.067] | [0.662, 1.069] | |
| Richer | 0.424* | 0.657* | 0.708* | 0.775* | 0.488*** | 0.638*** |
| [0.192, 0.938] | [0.453, 0.953] | [0.523, 0.960] | [0.617, 0.973] | [0.372, 0.641] | [0.509, 0.800] | |
| Richest | 0.304** | 0.747 | 0.394*** | 0.581*** | 0.419*** | 0.565*** |
| [0.124, 0.747] | [0.508, 1.100] | [0.276, 0.563] | [0.456, 0.741] | [0.267, 0.658] | [0.414, 0.771] | |
| Mother’s exposure to media | ||||||
| No exposure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Exposure | 0.675 | 0.813* | 0.673*** | 0.863* | 0.708*** | 0.843* |
| [0.395, 1.154] | [0.667, 0.993] | [0.572, 0.793] | [0.755, 0.986] | [0.594, 0.842] | [0.734, 0.968] | |
| Observations | 5,687 | – | 17,172 | – | 28,562 | – |
| F | 5.323 | – | 36.89 | – | 7.743 | – |
| p | 8.74e-17 | – | 3.38e-157 | – | 3.24e-30 | – |
IV = incomplete vaccination; Complete vaccination is the reference group in the multinomial logistic model; NV = no vaccination; RRR = relative risk ratio. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% CI in brackets.
*
P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.