Table 5.
Results for combined interventions: difference from the status quo4 a. Results for combined interventions over five years b. Results for combined interventions over ten years
| Policy | Discounted Net Present LYs in Thousands (%) | Discounted Net Present QALYs in Thousands (%) | Pill Deaths (%) | Heroin Deaths (%) | Total Opioid Deaths (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Prescribing5 | 550 (0.009%) | 350 (0.006%) | -5,100 (-5.7%) | 1,200 (0.3%) | -3,900 (-0.7%) |
| All Prescribing + Naloxone 5% | 1,500 (0.024%) | 1,140 (0.018%) | -9,300 (-10.3%) | -17,900 (-3.9%) | -27,200 (-5.0%) |
| All Prescribing + Naloxone 15% | 3,510 (0.056%) | 2,820 (0.045%) | -17,700 (-19.6%) | -56,600 (-12.4%) | -74,300 (-13.6%) |
| All Prescribing + Naloxone 30% | 6,860 (0.108%) | 5,590 (0.090%) | -30,300 (-33.6%) | -116,400 (-25.5%) | -146,700 (-26.8%) |
| All Prescribing + SEP | 660 (0.010%) | 440 (0.007%) | -5,100 (-5.7%) | -1,600 (-0.4%) | -6,700 (-1.2%) |
| All Prescribing + Pharmacotherapy | 1,160 (0.018%) | 1,060 (0.017%) | -4,700 (-5.3%) | -9,200 (-2.0%) | -14,000 (-2.6%) |
| All Prescribing + PT | 890 (0.014%) | 730 (0.012%) | -5,400 (-6.0%) | -2,400 (-0.5%) | -7,800 (-1.4%) |
| All Prescribing + Drug Reformulation + Pharmacotherapy + SEP + Naloxone 5% + PT | 2,690 (0.043%) | 2,520 (0.040%) | -10,700 (-11.8%) | -33,900 (-7.4%) | -44,600 (-8.1%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Naloxone 5% | 1,910 (0.030%) | 2,540 (0.041%) | -40,900 (-45.3%) | 28,100 (6.2%) | -12,800 (-2.3%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Naloxone 15% | 3,840 (0.061%) | 4,140 (0.067%) | -46,000 (-51.0%) | -14,800 (-3.2%) | -60,800 (-11.1%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Naloxone 30% | 7,060 (0.112%) | 6,810 (0.109%) | -53,800 (-59.6%) | -80,800 (-17.7%) | -134,500 (-24.6%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + SEP | 1,110 (0.018%) | 1,880 (0.030%) | -38,300 (-42.5%) | 46,100 (10.1%) | 7,800 (1.4%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Pharmacotherapy | 1,580 (0.025%) | 2,450 (0.039%) | -37,600 (-41.7%) | 38,300 (8.4%) | 700 (0.1%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + PT | 1,300 (0.021%) | 2,120 (0.034%) | -38,400 (-42.6%) | 45,600 (10.0%) | 7,200 (1.3%) |
| PMP + Naloxone 5% | 1,470 (0.023%) | 880 (0.014%) | -7,900 (-8.8%) | -19,700 (-4.3%) | -27,500 (-5.0%) |
| PMP + Naloxone 15% | 3,480 (0.055%) | 2,560 (0.041%) | -16,400 (-18.2%) | -58,200 (-12.8%) | -74,700 (-13.7%) |
| PMP + Naloxone 30% | 6,830 (0.108%) | 5,340 (0.086%) | -29,300 (-32.5%) | -117,700 (-25.8%) | -147,000 (-26.9%) |
| PMP + SEP | 620 (0.010%) | 180 (0.003%) | -3,600 (-4.0%) | -3,500 (-0.8%) | -7,100 (-1.3%) |
| PMP + Pharmacotherapy | 1,130 (0.018%) | 800 (0.013%) | -3,300 (-3.6%) | -11,100 (-2.4%) | -14,300 (-2.6%) |
| PMP + PT | 850 (0.013%) | 470 (0.008%) | -4,000 (-4.4%) | -4,200 (-0.9%) | -8,200 (-1.5%) |
| All Prescribing2 | 1,230 (0.018%) | 1,130 (0.017%) | -13,200 (-7.7%) | -9,100 (-0.9%) | -22,200 (-1.8%) |
| All Prescribing + Naloxone 5% | 2,490 (0.037%) | 2,190 (0.033%) | -20,900 (-12.2%) | -48,600 (-4.6%) | -69,600 (-5.7%) |
| All Prescribing + Naloxone 15% | 5,160 (0.076%) | 4,440 (0.067%) | -36,600 (-21.3%) | -130,000 (-12.4%) | -166,500 (-13.7%) |
| All Prescribing + Naloxone 30% | 9,600 (0.142%) | 8,160 (0.123%) | -60,100 (-35.0%) | -257,900 (-24.6%) | -318,100 (-26.1%) |
| All Prescribing + SEP | 1,380 (0.020%) | 1,250 (0.019%) | -13,200 (-7.7%) | -15,000 (-1.4%) | -28,100 (-2.3%) |
| All Prescribing + Pharmacotherapy | 2,160 (0.032%) | 2,220 (0.033%) | -12,000 (-7.0%) | -37,400 (-3.6%) | -49,400 (-4.0%) |
| All Prescribing + PT | 1,870 (0.028%) | 1,860 (0.028%) | -13,900 (-8.1%) | -22,400 (-2.1%) | -36,300 (-3.0%) |
| All Prescribing + Drug Reformulation + Pharmacotherapy + SEP + Naloxone 5% + PT | 4,490 (0.067%) | 4,510 (0.068%) | -23,800 (-13.9%) | -97,100 (-9.3%) | -120,900 (-9.9%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Naloxone 5% | 4,400 (0.065%) | 5,420 (0.081%) | -84,900 (-49.4%) | 1,600 (0.1%) | -83,400 (-6.8%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Naloxone 15% | 6,900 (0.102%) | 7,520 (0.113%) | -94,000 (-54.7%) | -84,000 (-8.0%) | -178,000 (-14.6%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Naloxone 30% | 11,060 (0.164%) | 11,010 (0.166%) | -107,600 (-62.6%) | -218,500 (-20.9%) | -326,100 (-26.7%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + SEP | 3,370 (0.050%) | 4,550 (0.068%) | -80,400 (-46.8%) | 37,000 (3.5%) | -43,400 (-3.6%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + Pharmacotherapy | 4,080 (0.060%) | 5,410 (0.081%) | -78,600 (-45.7%) | 15,400 (1.5%) | -63,200 (-5.2%) |
| Drug Rescheduling + PT | 3,780 (0.056%) | 5,060 (0.076%) | -80,600 (-46.9%) | 30,800 (2.9%) | -49,800 (-4.1%) |
| PMP + Naloxone 5% | 2,360 (0.035%) | 1,800 (0.027%) | -17,400 (-10.1%) | -50,800 (-4.8%) | -68,300 (-5.6%) |
| PMP + Naloxone 15% | 5,040 (0.075%) | 4,060 (0.061%) | -33,400 (-19.4%) | -132,000 (-12.6%) | -165,400 (-13.6%) |
| PMP + Naloxone 30% | 9,500 (0.141%) | 7,800 (0.117%) | -57,500 (-33.5%) | -259,600 (-24.8%) | -317,200 (-26.0%) |
| PMP + SEP | 1,240 (0.018%) | 860 (0.013%) | -9,500 (-5.5%) | -17,200 (-1.6%) | -26,700 (-2.2%) |
| PMP + Pharmacotherapy | 2,040 (0.030%) | 1,830 (0.028%) | -8,300 (-4.8%) | -39,800 (-3.8%) | -48,100 (-3.9%) |
| PMP + PT | 1,740 (0.026%) | 1,470 (0.022%) | -10,200 (-6.0%) | -24,700 (-2.4%) | -35,000 (-2.9%) |
Abbreviations: LY = life year; PMP = prescription monitoring program; PT = psychosocial treatment; QALY = quality-adjusted life year; SEP = syringe exchange program
4
Life years and QALYs are rounded to the nearest 1000. Deaths are rounded to the nearest 100.
5
Reductions in prescribing for acute, transitioning, and chronic pain