Table 4. Summary of various studies regarding professionalism.
IQR = interquartile range.
| S. No. | Year | Country | Outcome | p-value | ||
| 1. | Wiecha et al. (2008) [28] | United States | Identifying factors contributing to patient non-compliance control: number (%) | Intervention group: number (%) | ||
| Decreased 9 (8.8%) | Decreased 5 (4.5%) | |||||
| No change 43 (42.2%) | No change 29 (25.9%) | |||||
| Gained 50 (49.0%) | Gained 78 (69.6%) | |||||
| Integrating patient’s cultural beliefs about health into your care of that patient control: number (percentage) | Intervention group: number (percentage) | |||||
| Decreased 11 (10.7%) | Decreased 6 (5.4%) | |||||
| No change 41 (39.8%) | No change 25 (22.3%) | |||||
| Gained 51 (49.5%) | Gained 81 (72.3%) | |||||
| Eliciting how a patient has been emotionally impacted by an illness control: number (percentage) | Intervention group: number (percentage) | |||||
| Decreased 14 (13.5%) | Decreased 8 (7.1%) | |||||
| No change 42 (40.4%) | No change 28 (25.0%) | |||||
| Gained 48 (46.2%) | Gained 76 (67.9%) | |||||
| 2. | Shiga et al. (2020) [32] | Japan | Frequency of the best or second-best responses for scenarios presented by residents and faculty: number (percentage) | Number (percentage) | ||
| Gifts: Total (T) = 153 (88.9%); Resident = 73 (87.9%) | Faculty = 80 (89.8%) | 0.81 | ||||
| Conflict of interest: T = 154 (89.7%); Resident = 72 (86.7%) | Faculty = 82 (92.2%) | 0.32 | ||||
| Confidentiality: T = 121 (69.9%); Resident = 64 (77.1%) | Faculty = 56 (62.9%) | 0.048 | ||||
| Impairment: T = 145 (84.3%); Resident = 67 (80.7%) | Faculty = 78 (87.6%) | 0.29 | ||||
| Harassment: T = 77 (44.5%); Resident = 36 (43.3%) | Faculty = 41 (46.1%) | 0.76 | ||||
| Honesty: T = 151 (87.3%); Resident = 76 (81.7%) | Faculty = 74 (83.1%) | 0.11 | ||||
| 3. | Haque et al. (2016) [29] | Malaysia | Professionalism according to sex: mean (SD) | |||
| Honesty: Male: 22.39 (3.69) | Female: 22.33 (3.26) | 0.956 | ||||
| Accountability: Male: 17.82 (2.70) | Female:18.69(3.12) | 0.72 | ||||
| Confidentiality: Male 15.31 (2.28) | Female: 15.61(3.42) | 0.531 | ||||
| Respectful: Male 24.00 (3.09) | Female: 24.76(3.14) | 0.190 | ||||
| Responsibility: Male 22.35 (2.99) | Female 23.58(2.82) | 0.020 | ||||
| Compassion: Male 15.76 (2.64) | Female 16.99(5.98) | 0.130 | ||||
| Communication: Male 18.06 (3.28) | Female 19.10(3.00) | 0.055 | ||||
| Maturity: Male 23.39 (3.66) | Female 24.04 (2.85) | 0.248 | ||||
| Self-directed learning: Male 7.88 (1.29) | Female 8.24 (1.51) | 0.086 | ||||
| Grand total score: Male 166.98 (20.15) | Female 173.34 (18.09) | 0.61 | ||||
| Comparison of mean score of professionalism by medical students according to educational phase: mean (SD) total possible score: 220 | ||||||
| Honesty: Preclinical: 22.67 (3.52) | Clinical: 22.11 (3.34) | 0.361 | ||||
| Accountability: Preclinical: 18.02 (2.48) | Clinical: 18.62(3.31) | 0.195 | ||||
| Confidentiality: Preclinical 15.44 (3.47) | Clinical: 15.54(2.67) | 0.762 | ||||
| Respectful: Preclinical 24.19 (3.25) | Clinical: 24.68(3.04) | 0.234 | ||||
| Responsibility: Preclinical 23.33 (2.82) | Clinical:23.14(3.04) | 0.676 | ||||
| Compassion: Preclinical 16.36 (2.50) | Clinical: 16.64(6.29) | 0.733 | ||||
| Communication: Preclinical 18.36 (3.39) | Clinical: 18.97(2.93) | 0.179 | ||||
| Maturity: Preclinical 23.01 (3.42) | Clinical 23.70 (3.01) | 0.918 | ||||
| Self-directed learning: Preclinical 8.15 (1.41) | Clinical: 8.12 (1.45) | 0.923 | ||||
| Grand total score: Preclinical 170.17 (18.67) | Clinical: 171.49 (19.49) | 0.694 | ||||
| Male: 166.98 ± 20.15 | Female: 173.34+/-18.09 | NS | ||||
| Preclinical: 170.17 ± 18.67 | Clinical: 171.49+/-19.49 | NS | ||||
| 5. | Curran et al. (2020) [30] | Canada | Friedman analysis of peer assessment score improvement over time; Work Habits Score (TP = time point) | <0.001 | ||
| Mean: TP1 26.25; TP2 26.5; TP3 26.93; TP4 27.45; Friedman X2 (3) = 52.07 | ||||||
| Mean Rank: TP1 1.95; TP2 2.22; TP3 2.50; TP4 3.33 | ||||||
| Interpersonal Habits Score | <0.001 | |||||
| Mean: TP1 28.19; TP2 28.56; TP3 28.83 TP4 29.05; Friedman X2(3) = 56.23 | ||||||
| Mean Rank TP1 1.73; TP2 2.38; TP3 2.75; TP4 3.15 | ||||||
| 6. | Byakika-Kibwika et al. (2015) [31] | Uganda | Duration in teaching service: median: 39; IQR 32.7-43.2 | |||
| Doctorate degree: 7 (22%) | ||||||
| Master’s degree: 23 (72%); Fellowship: 1 (3%) | ||||||
| Bachelor’s degree 1 (3%) | ||||||