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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2021 May 27;61:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.05.005

TABLE 4.

Model-based associations between food environment measures and diet inflammation score, by geographic definition, food outlet type, and buffer size (n=20,331)

Census tract “Classic” network buffera Sausage network buffer
β (SE) p-value β (SE) p-value β (SE) p-value
Supermarkets
Density, tailoredb −0.12 (0.03) 0.001 −0.30 (0.05) <0.001 −0.25 (0.04) <0.001
Density, 1 km −0.19 (0.04) <0.001 −0.12 (0.03) <0.001
Density, 5 km −0.27 (0.06) <0.001 −0.34 (0.07) <0.001
Density, 8 km −0.46 (0.08) <0.001 −0.39 (0.07) <0.001
Density, 16 km −0.58 (0.08) <0.001 −0.53 (0.08) <0.001
Percentage, tailoredb −0.01 (0.13) 0.97 0.42 (0.22) 0.05 0.29 (0.20) 0.16
Percentage, 1 km 0.05 (0.12) 0.65 0.04 (0.10) 0.68
Percentage, 5 km 0.26 (0.14) 0.06 0.20 (0.18) 0.26
Percentage, 8 km 0.38 (0.26) 0.14 0.39 (0.22) 0.07
Percentage, 16 km 0.63 (0.36) 0.08 1.03 (0.37) 0.01
Fast food restaurants
Density, tailoredb −0.08 (0.02) <0.001 −0.15 (0.02) <0.001 −0.14 (0.02) <0.001
Density, 1 km −0.09 (0.02) <0.001 −0.05 (0.01) <0.001
Density, 5 km −0.16 (0.02) <0.001 −0.21 (0.03) <0.001
Density, 8 km −0.26 (0.03) <0.001 −0.25 (0.03) <0.001
Density, 16 km −0.30 (0.03) <0.001 −0.29 (0.03) <0.001
Percentage, tailoredb 0.27 (0.06) <0.001 0.63 (0.12) <0.001 0.52 (0.11) <0.001
Percentage, 1 km 0.12 (0.07) 0.07 0.18 (0.06) 0.004
Percentage, 5 km 0.26 (0.08) 0.002 0.42 (0.10) <0.001
Percentage, 8 km 0.5 (0.13) <0.001 0.53 (0.12) <0.001
Percentage, 16 km 1.02 (0.19) <0.001 0.81 (0.18) <0.001

NOTE: Bold denotes statistically significant at α <0.05 level. Supermarkets and fast food restaurants were included in separate regression models; and we controlled for total food outlets (continuous) in models with relative measures.

a

Measure is tailored to the community type (high-density urban, low-density urban, suburban/small town, rural) of participants’ residential census tract.

b

“Classic” network buffer distances for “one-size-fits-all” measures are 1 mile (~1.6 km), 2 miles (~3.2 km), 6 miles (~9.7 km), and 10 miles (~16.1 km).