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. 2021 Jul 6;105(3):783–787. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1437

Table 1.

Participant characteristics by HIV status, Ghana, 2014 to 2016

Characteristics HIV infected, n (%) HIV-uninfected, n (%) P value
Total (N) 266 510
Age, y; median (range) 39 (33–46) 39 (33–46) 0.5689
Female gender 214 (80) 397 (78) 0.5852
Ningo-Prampram district 111 (42) 218 (43) 0.7858
Employment status*
 Unemployed 27 (11) 13 (3) < 0.001
 Employed 222 (89) 455 (97)
Education
 Received no formal education 81 (32) 111 (22) < 0.001
 Received at least some formal education 169 (68) 395 (78)
Smoking status
 Smoker (past and current) 10 (4) 12 (2) 0.2635
 Non-smoker 256 (96) 498 (98)
Young children in household, at least 1ne child < 5 years old 133 (50) 197 (39) 0.002
Chronic medical condition
 Yes 31 (12) 74 (15) 0.27
 No 235 (88) 436 (85)
 TB 14 (5) 0 (0)
 ARI episodes 40 (15) 98 (19) 0.5
Antiretroviral therapy
 Yes 215 (81) N/A N/A
 No 51 (19) N/A N/A
Average CD4 count
 < 500 124 (47) N/A N/A
 ≥ 500 142 (53) N/A N/A
Viral load
 Undetectable 78 (29) N/A N/A
 Low viral load (< 1,000 copies/mL) 96 (36) N/A N/A
 High viral load (≥ 1,000 copies/mL) 92 (35) N/A N/A

ARI = acute respiratory infection; ART = antiretroviral therapy; N/A = not applicable; TB = tuberculosis.

*

Missing data: HIV negative = 42, HIV positive = 17.

Missing data: HIV negative = 4, HIV positive = 16.

Includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital heart disease, cystic fibrosis, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, sickle cell anemia and diabetes; Missing = 4.