Table 1.
Participant characteristics by HIV status, Ghana, 2014 to 2016
| Characteristics | HIV infected, n (%) | HIV-uninfected, n (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N) | 266 | 510 | – |
| Age, y; median (range) | 39 (33–46) | 39 (33–46) | 0.5689 |
| Female gender | 214 (80) | 397 (78) | 0.5852 |
| Ningo-Prampram district | 111 (42) | 218 (43) | 0.7858 |
| Employment status* | |||
| Unemployed | 27 (11) | 13 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Employed | 222 (89) | 455 (97) | – |
| Education† | |||
| Received no formal education | 81 (32) | 111 (22) | < 0.001 |
| Received at least some formal education | 169 (68) | 395 (78) | – |
| Smoking status | |||
| Smoker (past and current) | 10 (4) | 12 (2) | 0.2635 |
| Non-smoker | 256 (96) | 498 (98) | – |
| Young children in household, at least 1ne child < 5 years old | 133 (50) | 197 (39) | 0.002 |
| Chronic medical condition‡ | |||
| Yes | 31 (12) | 74 (15) | 0.27 |
| No | 235 (88) | 436 (85) | – |
| TB | 14 (5) | 0 (0) | – |
| ARI episodes | 40 (15) | 98 (19) | 0.5 |
| Antiretroviral therapy | |||
| Yes | 215 (81) | N/A | N/A |
| No | 51 (19) | N/A | N/A |
| Average CD4 count | |||
| < 500 | 124 (47) | N/A | N/A |
| ≥ 500 | 142 (53) | N/A | N/A |
| Viral load | |||
| Undetectable | 78 (29) | N/A | N/A |
| Low viral load (< 1,000 copies/mL) | 96 (36) | N/A | N/A |
| High viral load (≥ 1,000 copies/mL) | 92 (35) | N/A | N/A |
ARI = acute respiratory infection; ART = antiretroviral therapy; N/A = not applicable; TB = tuberculosis.
*
Missing data: HIV negative = 42, HIV positive = 17.
†
Missing data: HIV negative = 4, HIV positive = 16.
‡
Includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital heart disease, cystic fibrosis, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, sickle cell anemia and diabetes; Missing = 4.