Table 2.

Proposed interventions to increase vaccine uptake

	Target population or setting	Settings where efficacy is unknown	Special challenges to COVID-19 vaccination
Centralised reminder 23, 24	Children (aged <18 years*; requires that contact information for most patients is available and that clinics agree to have their name on the reminder notice)	Adolescent and adult vaccination	Challenges with interoperability between COVID-19 vaccine registries and electronic health records might limit implementation of the reminder; reminders that use contact information in immunisation registries will have minimal penetration into adult populations because not all states input adult immunisations into online registries
Default appointments25	Adults	Childhood and adolescent vaccination	Would not reach those who do not already have established providers, which might correspond to high-risk populations (eg, the homeless)
Standing orders26, 27, 28, 29	Adults in hospitals and nursing facilities	Childhood and adolescent vaccination	Anticipated increased scepticism or questions regarding COVID-19 vaccines compared with other vaccines might make standing orders less effective
Presumptive provider communication30, 31, 32	Children and adolescents	Adult vaccination or when there is not yet a trusted relationship with the provider	Questions or scepticism around vaccine release and informed consent for COVID-19 vaccination might make this approach less useful
Onsite vaccination33	Adults in worksites, children in school health centres; school mass vaccination days	Adolescent vaccination	Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines require two doses for full immunisation
Incentives and mandates34, 35	Applicable to most vaccines	Past mandates have generally applied only to specific groups; acceptability of mandates for an entire population is unknown	Might encounter political barriers and fuel disinformation efforts from anti-vaccine and other counter-activism movements

Interventions are shown ordered to match a clinical encounter.

^*Childhood vaccines generally refer to vaccines administered to very young children (often from birth to children entering kindergarten [aged 5–6 years]); however, currently, there are no COVID-19 vaccines authorised or approved for use in children younger than 12 years.