Table 3.

Host regulators commonly involved in RLR/cGAS-initiated antiviral signaling.

Signaling molecule	Classification		Regulator	Function	Ref.
TBK1	PTMs	Positive	MIB	K63-linked ubiquitination	161
			TBK1	K63-linked ubiquitination	154
			Nrdp1	K63-linked ubiquitination	163
			RNF128	K63-linked ubiquitination	162
			USP1–UAF1 complex	Deubiquitination	164
			UBQLN2	Phosphorylation	159
			Src	Autophosphorylation	160
			TBK1	Autophosphorylation	155
			RKIP	Autophosphorylation	158
			GSK3β	Self-association and autophosphorylation	157
			Dnmt3a	Recruitment of HDAC9 for deacetylation	165
			HDAC3	Deacetylation	166
			TRIM9	Recruitment of GSK3β for activation	157
		Negative	ASB8	K48-linked ubiquitination	172
			USP38	K48-linked ubiquitination	176
			DYRK2	K48-linked ubiquitination	174
			THOC7	K48-linked ubiquitination	175
			TRIP	K48-linked ubiquitination	173
			Siglec1	Recruitment of TRIM27 for K48-linked ubiquitination	177
			NLRP4	Recruitment of DTX4 for K48-linked ubiquitination of TBK1	178
			A20 and TAX1BP1	Inhibition of K63-linked ubiquitination	179
			UBE2S	Recruitment of USP15 for deubiquitination	181
			USP2b	Deubiquitination	180
			CYLD	Deubiquitination	37
			TIPARP	ADP-ribosylation & TBK1 deactivation	183
			Lck/Hck/Fgr	Disruption of dimerization and activation	182
			PPM1B	Dephosphorylation	185
			PP4	Dephosphorylation and Deactivation	186
			Cdc25A	Dephosphorylation	184
	Other regulatory mechanisms	Positive	MSX1	Induction of the assembly of TBK1-associated complexes	118
			DOK3	Facilitation of TRAF3/TBK1 complex formation	170
			IFIT3	Bridging of TBK1 to MAVS on mitochondria	168
			BTN3A1	Transport of the TBK1/IRF3 complex to the perinuclear region	167
			PLA1A	Phosphorylation and modulation of mitochondrial morphology	171
			TRIM26	Induction of TBK1/NEMO interaction	169
		Negative	NLRP2	Disruption of IRF3 binding	187
			MIP-T3	Inhibition of TRAF3/TBK1 complex formation	189
			ISG56	Disruption of the interaction between MITA and MAVS or TBK1	190
			ERRα	Inhibition of the TBK1-IRF3 interaction	188
			INKIT	Physical interaction	191
IRF3	PTMs	Positive	NSD3	Methylation	223
			HSPD1	Phosphorylation and dimerization	61
			lncLrrc55-AS	Phosphorylation	221
		Negative	RBCK1	Ubiquitination	226
			RAUL	K48-linked ubiquitination	229
			TRIM26	K48-linked ubiquitination	230
			Ro52	Ubiquitination	227
			Pin1	Ubiquitination	225
			OTUD1	Deubiquitination	231
			Mst1	Phosphorylation	235
			PP2A	Dephosphorylation	234
			MKP5	Dephosphorylation	233
			DDX5	Dephosphorylation	237
			FBXO17	Dephosphorylation	236
			HDAC4	Inhibition of phosphorylation	238
			IFITM3	Autophagic degradation	232
			SENP2	DeSUMOylation	239
	Other regulatory mechanisms	Positive	USP22	Nuclear translocation	224
			IRF1	Activation	222
		Negative	AGO2	Inhibition of the IRF3–CBP interaction	242
			DDX56	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	240
			Rubicon	Inhibition of dimerization	241
IRF7	PTMs	Positive	TRAF6	K63-linked ubiquitination	269
		Negative	Nmi	K48-linked ubiquitination	270
			A20	Deubiquitination	274
			TRIM28	SUMOylation	272
			TRIM21/Ro52	Degradation	271
	Other regulatory mechanisms	Negative	IFI204	Physical interaction	275
			ATF4	Physical interaction	276
			HSP70	Physical interaction	277