Table 4.

Viral evasion mechanisms of RLR-initiated antiviral signaling.

Signaling molecules	Virus	Virulence factor	Function	Ref.
MAVS	HCV	NS3-4A	Cleavage	38,89
	HAV	3ABC	Cleavage	91
	CVB3	3Cpro	Cleavage	85
	EV71	2Apro	Cleavage	83
	CVB3	2Apro	Cleavage	87
	PRRSV	3CLSP	Cleavage	88
	SVV	3Cpro	Cleavage	86
	HBV	HBX	Ubiquitination	95
	RV	NSP1	Degradation	93
	SARS-CoV	ORF9b	Degradation	97
	SARS-CoV-2	M	Inhibition of RIG-I, MAVS, TRAF3 and TBK-1 complex formation	26
	SARS-CoV-2	M	Inhibition of MAVS aggregation	105
	RV	VP3	Proteosomal degradation	94
	RSV	NS1	Inhibition of the MAVS-RIG-I interaction	102
	RSV	N	Localization with MAVS in inclusion bodies	103
	hMPV	M2-2	Inhibition of TRAF3-, TRAF5- and TRAF6-mediated recruitment of MAVS	104
	HBV		Recruitment of LUBAC & disruption of MAVS signalosome formation	96
	HCV		Recruitment of PCBP2 to MAVS and induction of K48-linked ubiquitination	25
	HCV		Regulation of the interaction between GP73 and MAVS for proteasomal degradation	98
	NiV	V	Stabilization of UBXN1 and enhancement of its interaction with MAVS	100
	HCV	NS5A	Inhibition of the MAVS-TRAF3 interaction	99
	FMDV	VP1	Inhibition of the TRAF3-MAVS interaction	101
TRAF3	SARS-CoV	M	Inhibition of TRAF3, TANK, and TBK1/IKKε complex formation	27
	FMDV	Lbpro	Deubiquitination	133
	HSV	UL36	Deubiquitination	134
	EV-D68	2Apro	Cleavage	135
NEMO	PDCoV	nsp5	Cleavage	150
	FMDV	3Cpro	Cleavage	144
	PRRSV	NSP4	Cleavage	146,147
	HAV	3Cpro	Cleavage	145
	PEDV	NSP5	Cleavage	149
	EAV	NSP4	Cleavage	147
	FIP	NSP5	Cleavage	148
	Influenza virus	–	Enhancement of the PGRN level to inhibit K63-linked ubiquitination	143
	SARS-CoV-2	ORF9b	Deubiquitination of NEMO	151
TBK1	GCRV	–	K48-linked ubiquitination	24
	MHV	PLP2	Deubiquitination	195
	FMDV	Lpro	Inhibition of TBK1 ubiquitination and activation	133
	SFTSV	NS	Sequestration of the TBK1/IKKe complex into inclusion bodies	197,198
	SARS-CoV	PLpro	Disruption of the STING-TRAF3-TBK1 interaction	204
	DENV	NS	Inhibition of phosphorylation	194
	HRTV	NS	Inhibition of TBK1 and IRF3 interaction	201
	PEDV	N	Inhibition of the association between TBK1 and IRF3 by sequestration	200
	MCV	MC159/MC160	Impairment of activation	205
	ZIKV	NS5	Impairment of activation	202
	SARS-CoV-2	NSP13	Inhibition of phosphorylation	192
	SARS-CoV-2	NSP13	Disruption of the TBK1-MAVS interaction	203
	HRTV	NS	Inhibition of phosphorylation	193
IKKε	MERS-CoV	ORF8b	Inhibition of HSP70-dependent activation	213
	DENV	NS2B/3	Binding and inhibition of kinase activity	212
	HCV	NS2	Inhibition of IRF3 phosphorylation via interaction with IKKε	216
	EBOV	VP35	Impairment of the IKKε–IRF3, IKKε–IRF7, and IKKε–IPS-1 interactions	214
	LCMV	NP	Inhibition of catalytic activity	215
IRF3	PRRSV	NSP1β	Inhibition of activation	228
	RABV	P	Inhibition of activation	245
	PHEV	–	Blockade of activation	244
	JEV	–	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	254
	SARS-CoV-2	ORF6	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	192
	SARS-CoV-2	ORF6	Inhibition of activation	249
	SARS-CoV-2	NSP12	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	250
	SARS-CoV-2	NSP5	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	251
	SARS-CoV-2	NSP3	Cleavage	252
	JEV	NS5	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	253
	SeV	V	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	255
	Rotavirus	NSP1	Blockade of dimerization	264
	THOV	ML	Blockade of dimerization	263
	CSFV	Npro	Proteosomal degradation	257
	Hantavirus	–	Inhibition of phosphorylation	260
	HTLV-1	Tax	Inhibition of phosphorylation	261
	FMDV	3A	Inhibition of phosphorylation	259
	DENV	NS	Inhibition of phosphorylation	194
	MERS-CoV	M	Inhibition of phosphorylation	262
	PEDV	NSP15	Inhibition of activation	248
	IAV	NS1	Inhibition of activation	243
	PPRV	N	Inhibition of activation	247
	SARS-CoV	PLpro	Inhibition of activation	246
	SVV	3Cpro	Degradation	256
	Rotavirus	NSP1	Degradation	258
IRF7	EBOV	VP35	Enhancement of PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation	278
	HCV	–	Inhibition of nuclear translocation	279
	CSFV	Npro	Physical interaction	280
	SVV	3Cpro	Degradation	256