Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics by Self-Reported Race
| Variables | Overall Cohort (n = 1325) | Non-Black Race* (n = 984) | Black Race (n = 341) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 61 (16) | 62 (16) | 58 (15) | .001 |
| Male, n (%) | 757 (57.1%) | 578 (58.7%) | 179 (52.5%) | .045 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 32 (9) | 31 (8) | 34 (9) | <.001 |
| History of tobacco use, n (%) | 571 (43.1%) | 433 (44.0%) | 138 (40.5%) | .26 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 514 (38.8%) | 350 (35.6%) | 164 (48.1%) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 839 (63.3%) | 581 (59.0%) | 258 (75.7%) | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 219 (16.5%) | 174 (17.7%) | 45 (13.2%) | .06 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 167 (12.6%) | 117 (11.9%) | 50 (14.7%) | .18 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 242 (18.3%) | 165 (16.8%) | 77 (22.6%) | .017 |
| End-stage renal disease on dialysis, n (%) | 44 (3.3%) | 27 (2.7%) | 17 (5.0%) | .047 |
| Admission eGFR, mean (SD) | 67 (32) | 69 (30) | 64 (37) | .020 |
| Presenting Symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| Fever | 790 (59.6%) | 577 (58.6%) | 213 (62.5%) | .22 |
| Shortness of breath | 990 (74.7%) | 733 (74.5%) | 257 (75.4%) | .75 |
| Diarrhea | 383 (28.9%) | 267 (27.1%) | 116 (34.0%) | .016 |
| Altered mental status | 146 (11.0%) | 115 (11.7%) | 31 (9.1%) | .19 |
| Laboratory Data,† mean (SD) | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.1 (2.2) | 13.1 (2.3) | 12.9 (2.0) | .11 |
| White blood cell count, k/uL | 7.7 (5) | 7.6 (5.3) | 8 (3.9) | .23 |
| Absolute neutrophil, count, k/uL | 5.9 (4.2) | 5.8 (4.5) | 6.1 (3.4) | .29 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count, k/uL | 1.2 (3.0) | 1.2 (3.4) | 1.1 (1.0) | .50 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 59 (57) | 57 (55) | 66 (64) | .025 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 46 (52) | 47 (53) | 44 (50) | .37 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.73 (1.11) | 0.72 (1.25) | 0.73 (0.56) | .98 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.8 (4.6) | 1.6 (4.9) | 2.4 (3.3) | .007 |
| Inflammatory Markers, median (IQR) | ||||
| SuPAR, ng/mL | 7.77 (5.46-12.17) | 7.89 (5.48-12.28) | 7.54 (5.39-12.12) | .45 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 8.70 (4.70-17.27) | 8.30 (4.10-16.30) | 10.20 (5.80-18.80) | <.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, IU/L | 376 (277-516) | 356 (267-487) | 430 (325-588) | <.001 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 12.50 (12.50-95.00) | 12.50 (12.50-87.93) | 20.00 (12.50-105.89) | .19 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.18 (0.10-0.48) | 0.17 (0.09-0.41) | 0.24 (0.11-0.70) | <.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 684 (299-1368) | 624 (270-1256) | 844 (385-1557) | <.001 |
| D-dimer, FEU mg/L | 1.00 (0.57-1.98) | 0.90 (0.54-1.73) | 1.34 (0.73-2.93) | <.001 |
| Outcomes, n (%) | ||||
| Need for mechanical ventilation | 389 (29.4%) | 262 (26.6%) | 127 (37.2%) | <.001 |
| Need for renal replacement therapy | 124 (9.4%) | 70 (7.1%) | 54 (15.8%) | <.001 |
| In-hospital death | 191 (14.4%) | 138 (14.0%) | 53 (15.5%) | .49 |
BMI = body mass index; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR = interquartile range; SD = standard deviation; suPAR = soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.
⁎
Includes 819 white patients, 33 Hispanics, 62 Asian patients, and 70 of unknown race or other.
†
First value within 48 hours of presentation.