Table 1.
Summary on modified nucleotides
| Nucleotide analogue | M.W. (g/mol) | Doses used for intraperitoneal injections in rodents | DNA denature | Antibody detection | Chemical detection | Solubility in water-based solvents (maximal concentrations that have been reported), mg/ml | Relative cytotoxicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BrdU | 307.1 | Regular dose: 50–100 mg/kg (52, 68); the saturating dose in mice: 150 mg/kg (40), the saturating dose in rats: 300 mg/kg (61) | Necessary | Yes | Optimized Suzuki–Miyaura reaction (DNA denature is unnecessary) (27) | 15 (160) or 20 (with the addition of 0.007N NaOH) (82) | ++ |
| CldU | 265.65 | Regular dose: ∼40–128 mg/kg. Saturating dose has not been determined yet (41, 52, 54, 113). | Necessary | Yes. Rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (clone BU1/75) specifically recognizes CldU | Not applied | 6.4 (41) or 10 (with the addition of 0.007N NaOH) (54, 82) | Not yet determined |
| IdU | 354.1 | Regular dose: ∼60–173 mg/kg. Saturating dose has not been determined yet (41, 52, 54, 113) | Necessary | Yes. Mouse monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (clone B44) specifically recognizes IdU | Not applied | 2.47 (41) or 10 (with the addition of 0.007N NaOH) (54) | Not yet determined |
| EdU | 252.23 | Regular dose: 50 mg/kg. Saturating dose in mice: approx. 100 mg/kg (62) | Unnecessary | Yes. All anti-BrdU antibodies recognize EdU after DNA denature, excluding mouse monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody clone MoBU1. | Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction (22) | 6.15 (41) | ++++ |
| F-ara-EdU | 270.21 | Not yet determined | Unnecessary | Not yet determined | Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction (24) | Not yet determined | + |
| AmdU | 283.24 | Not yet determined | Unnecessary | Not yet determined | Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction (25) | Not yet determined | +++ |
| VdU | 254.24 | Not yet determined | Necessary | Not yet determined | Alkene–tetrazine ligation reaction (26) | Not yet determined | +++ |