Table 1.
Long non-coding RNAs in atherosclerosis-related research.
| lncRNAs | Endothelial cells | Smooth muscle cells | Monocytes/macrophages | Atherogenic/atheroprotective | Experimentally validated function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANRIL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Atherogenic | Promote cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and decrease apoptosis | (28–30) |
| DYNLRB2-2 | No | No | Yes | Atheroprotective | Promote cholesterol efflux and inhibit inflammatory response | (31) |
| lincRNA-p21 | No | Yes | Yes | Atheroprotective | Inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis | (32) |
| RP5833A20.1 | No | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Affect cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation | (33) |
| HOXC-AS1 | No | No | Yes | Atheroprotective | Suppress Ox-LDL-induced cholesterol accumulation | (34) |
| HULC | Yes | No | No | Atherogenic | Regulate TNF-α-induced apoptosis | (35) |
| RNCR3 | Yes | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Decrease proliferation, migration, and accelerate apoptosis | (6) |
| HOTAIR | Yes | No | Yes | Atheroprotective | Regulate the EC proliferation and migration/aggravate oxidative stress and inflammation response in macrophages | (36, 37) |
| LINC00305 | No | Yes | Yes | Atherogenic | Promote monocyte inflammation and induce HASMC phenotype switching | (38) |
| TUG1 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis | (39, 40) |
| MALAT1 | Yes | No | No | Atheroprotective/ atherogenic |
Suppress inflammatory cytokine release, apoptosis, and promote EndMT | (41, 42) |
| DYN-LRB2-2 | No | No | Yes | Atheroprotective | Upregulate cholesterol efflux | (43) |
| DIGIT | Yes | No | No | Atheroprotective | Promote growth, migration, and tube formation | (44) |
| MeXis | No | No | Yes | Atheroprotective | Promote cholesterol efflux | (45) |
| UCA1 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Regulate migration and proliferation | (46) |
| XIST | Yes | No | No | Atherogenic | Regulate the expression of NOD2 | (47) |
| SRA | Yes | No | No | Atherogenic | Repress inflammatory-related cytokines | (48) |
| ENST00113 | Yes | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation, survival, and migration | (49) |
| GAS5 | Yes | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Aggravate inflammatory response, MMP expression, autophagy dysfunction, apoptosis | (50–52) |
| H19 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation and anti-apoptosis | (53) |
| MEG3 | Yes | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Enhance pyroptosis and modulate proliferation and apoptosis balance | (54, 55) |
| MIAT | Yes | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammatory factors expression, and hinders apoptosis | (56, 57) |
| SNHG16 | No | Yes | Yes | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation, migration, and inflammatory response | (58, 59) |
| 430945 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation and migration | (60) |
| FA2H-2 | Yes | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Suppress MLKL expression, activate autophagy, and restrain inflammation | (61) |
| NEXN- as1 | Yes | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Inhibit TLR4 oligomerization and NF-κB activity | (62) |
| CCL2 | Yes | No | No | Atherogenic | Positively regulate CCL2 mRNA levels | (63) |
| CDKN2B-AS1 | No | No | Yes | Atheroprotective | Reduce inflammatory response and promote cholesterol efflux | (64) |
| Linc00299 | Yes | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Increase proliferation, migration, and inhibit apoptosis | (65) |
| AF131217.1 | Yes | No | No | Atheroprotective | Inhibit inflammation | (66) |
| APTR | Yes | No | No | Atherogenic | Elevate proliferation, migration, and pipe-formation | (67) |
| RAPIA | No | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation and reduce apoptosis | (68) |
| SNHG12 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation and migration | (69) |
| CASC11 | No | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Downregulation of IL-9, proliferation, and promote apoptosis | (70) |
| NEAT1 | No | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Increase inflammation response and lipid uptake | (71) |
| MEG8 | No | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Suppress proliferation, migration, and induce apoptosis | (72) |
| LEF1-AS1 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Regulate migration and proliferation | (73) |
| DAPK-IT1 | No | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Regulate cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory response | (74) |
| HOXA-AS3 | Yes | No | No | Atherogenic | Promote NF-κB-mediated endothelium inflammation | (75) |
| NORAD | Yes | No | No | Atheroprotective | Attenuate senescence, apoptosis | (76) |
| LOC285194 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation, invasion, migration, and inhibit apoptosis | (77) |
| HOTTIP | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation and migration | (78) |
| Linc-ROR | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation and migration | (79) |
| HCG11 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote the proliferation and inhibit apoptosis | (80) |
| MAARS | No | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Induce apoptosis | (81) |
| XXYLT1-AS2 | Yes | No | No | Atheroprotective | Inhibit proliferation and migration | (82) |
| CTBP1-AS2 | No | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Inhibit proliferation and autophagy | (83) |
| FOXC2-AS1 | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis | (84) |
| LINC00657 | Yes | No | No | Atherogenic | Induce endothelial cell injury | (85) |
| SENCR | No | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Inhibit proliferation, migration, and block cell cycle | (86) |
| kcnq1ot1 | No | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Promote lipid accumulation | (87) |
| PEBP1P2 | No | Yes | No | Atheroprotective | Decrease proliferation and migration | (88) |
| SNHG7 | Yes | No | No | Atheroprotective | Repress proliferation and migration | (89) |
| RP11-728F11.4 | No | No | Yes | Atherogenic | Increase intracellular cholesterol accumulation and proinflammatory cytokine | (90) |
| SMILR | No | Yes | No | Atherogenic | Promote proliferation | (91) |