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. 2021 Nov 2;15:765217. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765217

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Copyright © 2021 Shinjyo and Kita.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Insulin and leptin in homeostatic interactions between the peripheral organs and central nervous system (CNS). Insulin and leptin enter the brain via saturable transport through blood–brain barrier (BBB) and via fenestrated capillaries in the specific brain regions (e.g., hypothalamus). Acting on InsR and LepR, these hormones exert diverse roles, including energy balance regulation through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as well as the modulation of glial immunological activities. InsR and LepR on neuronal cells are involved in cognition.