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. 2021 Nov 2;15:765217. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765217

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Copyright © 2021 Shinjyo and Kita.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cellular immunometabolism in the brain. Glia are the main cellular components of immunometabolism in the CNS. Microglial immunological phenotypes are closely associated with their metabolic signature: glycolysis-dominant proinflammatory (M1) and OXPHOS-dominant anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. In addition to the role as resident innate immune cells, microglia also play homeostatic roles, such as eliminating unwanted synapses and debris. Astrocytes are the major metabolic component of CNS, providing bioenergetic support for the neuronal networks. Microglia and astrocytes express InsR and LepR, through which their metabolic signatures and immunological phenotypes are regulated. Crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes constitutes cellular immunometabolism in the CNS. Infection can disrupt the immunometabolic homeostasis, which may lead to neuronal damages and cognitive impairment.