FIGURE 10.

Outputs of two multiscale agent-based modeling framework of vein graft adaptation by Garbey’s research group. (A) Results obtained by Garbey et al. (2019), when an immersed boundary method (IBM) module was added to simulate the vessel wall remodeling. (B) Histological images of rabbit vein graft (Conte et al., 2006). (C) Results obtained by Garbey et al. (2017). The results of panel (A) well resemble the histological images (B). The model captures different possible patterns of neointimal hyperplasia, namely a vertical and horizontal configuration (panels (A,B)). Panel (C) shows a limitation of the model by Garbey et al. (2017). In particular, when the symmetry condition is removed, a non-realistic configuration of the lumen contour is obtained (e.g., detached elements, holes). Figures 9A,B Reprinted with permission from Garbey et al. (2019) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Figure 9C reprinted with permission from Garbey et al. (2017) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).