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. 2021 Nov 2;9:744560. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.744560

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Copyright © 2021 Corti, Colombo, Migliavacca, Rodriguez Matas, Casarin and Chiastra.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Results of the multiscale finite-element method–agent-based model (FEM-ABM) framework of in-stent restenosis by Boyle et al. (2010). At the top, the stent expansion configuration obtained from FEM analysis is shown and constitutes the initial condition of the ABM. At the bottom, the ABM evolution along 320 days is provided for a longitudinal section (dashed box). Contractile smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are represented in green, synthetic SMCs in blue and endothelial cells in red. At day 7, the ABM is characterized by a complete endothelial denudation and synthetic SMCs in the injured region (in correspondence of the stent struts). Lesion progression is shown at day 90 and 160. The endothelium starts recovering, leading to a complete reendothelialization at day 320. The lesion growth stops when complete reendothelialization occurs (arrow, day 160) or when the SMCs switch back to a contractile phenotype (arrow, day 320). Reprinted with permission from Boyle et al. (2010) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).