Table 3.

Circadian and behavioural abnormalities in schizophrenia and GluA1 knockouts.

Schizophrenia patients	GluA1-deficient mice
1. Rest–activity rhythms misaligned with LD (W)	1. Rest–activity rhythms misaligned with LD (Fig. 1)a
2. Increased arousal episodes during bed time (T)	2. Increased activity during the resting phase (Fig. 1)a
3. Circadian period ≠24 h (W)	3. Reduced power of ~24-h rhythms (Fig. 1)
4. Increased day-to-day variability in sleep and melatonin onset, midpoint, and offset (T,W)	4. Increased day-to-day variability in rest–activity rhythms (Fig. 2)
5. Fragmented sleep–wake patterns (T,W)	5. Fragmented activity bouts (Fig. 2)
6. Deficits in sensorimotor gating (B)	6. Aberrant salience of recently encountered familiar environmental cues (Figs. 3,5)

T Tandon et al. [70], W Wulff et al. [71], B Braff and Geyer [93].

^aResults 1 and 2 mirror GluA1 knockouts’ altered sleep EEG patterns in our previous study, which found increased wakefulness EEG, delayed sleep onset, as well as fewer NREM and REM sleep episodes in the light phase [36].