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. 2021 Nov 15;11:22215. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01671-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of 5-azacytidine (AC) on the effectiveness of embryo-like structure production (ELS; a, b) and plant regeneration (c–e) in anther cultures of two doubled haploid (DH) lines of triticale, significantly differed in their responsiveness to microspore embryogenesis (responsive DH28 and recalcitrant DH19). AC was applied at concentrations of 2.5 µM (AC2.5), 5.0 µM (AC5.0) and 10 µM (AC10) during low temperature tillers treatment. (a) ELS formation after 6 weeks of in vitro culture; (b) mean number of ELS per 100 anthers (ELS/100A); (c) plant regeneration after 10 weeks of in vitro culture; (d) mean number of green plants per 100 anthers (GR/100A); (e) mean number of albino plants per 100 anthers (AR/100A). Means calculated from at least three biological replicates (petri dish containing 100 anthers collected from one spike). Error bars denote standard error of the mean (SE). Data marked with the same letter do not differ according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05).