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. 2021 Nov 15;11:22253. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98214-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The plague of 1630–1632 in Northern and Central Italy. (A) Map of Northern and Central Italy showing the cities recorded on (B). Areas known to have been affected by the famine of 1628–1629 are marked in red and areas speculated to have been affected in grey-red. The site of Imola is marked in black. Vector basemap from Wikimedia Commons (Carte ITALIE R1, 2018). (B) Mortality rates for cities marked in (A) (as reported in Cipolla 2012). The mortality rate for the city of Pistoia was revised according to the data detailed in Cipolla 1981. (The vector basemap was modified from “Carte ITALIE R1” by Wikisoft on Wikimedia Commons 5 licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 license).