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. 2021 Nov 15;11:22278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01735-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Remodeling of visceral adipose of Apelin-knockout mice (KO-APL mice, grey bars, n = 8) as compared wild-type mice (WT, white bar, n = 8). (A) Body weight, (B) lean and fat weights (C) Blood fasting glucose. (D) mRNA expression of leptin and resistin in perigonadic white adipose tissue. (E) Hematoxylin & Eosin staining (top) and immunostaining against Cathepsin S (bottom) (F) mRNA expression of inflammatory markers, including F4/80 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor (TNFβ), interleukin 1β (IL1β), and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). (G) mRNA expression of elastases, such as neutrophil elastase, cathepsin S, and MMP9 (metalloproteinase). WT, white bars; APL-KO, grey bars. (H) mRNA expression of Elastase inhibitors (serpin, cystatin C, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 [TIMP1]). (I) Elastases and its inhibitors Ratio. (J) Univariate correlation obtained by Z-test between the aortic stiffness (determined from elastin:collagen ratio and shown in Fig. 3J) and visceral adipose tissue remodeling (determined from the protease:inhibitor ratio and shown in I). The results are the mean ± SEM. Statistically significant differences (Mann–Whitney).