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. 2021 Nov 15;11:22278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01735-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of conditioned medium obtained from visceral adipose tissue of Apelin-knockout mice (KO-APL mice, grey bars, n = 4) and wild-type mice (WT, white bar, n = 4) on elastic fiber fragmentation of WT aorta. (A) Schematic of the protocol of conditioned medium, applied to the aortas of WT mice. The control condition (Crtl, black bar) corresponded to a medium that had not been in contact with adipocytes. Image was modified from Servier Medical Art, licensed under a Creative Common Attribution 3.0 Generic License. http://smart.servier.com/. (B) Identification of the activity of cathepsin S in the media after incubation of visceral adipocytes from APL-KO or WT mice but before the incubation with WT aorta. (C) Anti-cathepsin S immunostaining in the aorta after 3 days of incubation with the conditioned medium. (D) Histology (hematoxylin–eosin [H&E]) and autofluorescence of aorta elastin after 3 days of incubation with the conditioned medium. (E) Number of laminar ruptures per quadrant after 3 days of incubation with the conditioned medium. (F) Desmosine level found in culture medium, after 3 days of incubation with the conditioned medium (G) Elastin-derived peptide (EDP) level found in culture medium, after 3 days of incubation with the conditioned medium.