Table 2.
Regression results for the entire sample
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VCA | VCA | VCA | VCA | |
| OwnChild |
2.48 (2.09) |
3.69* (1.98) |
9.44 (6.52) |
11.88** (6.03) |
| StrangerChild |
1.12 (2.09) |
2.05 (1.97) |
4.16 (6.37) |
5.75 (5.81) |
| StrangerAdult |
− 0.03 (2.09) |
2.53 (2.00) |
2.02 (6.35) |
9.61 (6.00) |
| Age |
0.20* (0.11) |
0.45 (0.33) |
||
| Female |
0.68 (1.55) |
3.67 (4.70) |
||
| Nr. kids |
1.11 (0.73) |
3.16 (2.20) |
||
| Risk |
0.20 (0.29) |
1.23 (0.87) |
||
| Patience |
− 0.17 (0.25) |
− 0.84 (0.76) |
||
| High school dipl |
10.02*** (2.07) |
22.78*** (5.67) |
||
| Employed |
11.82*** (3.43) |
25.63*** (9.21) |
||
| Rural |
− 0.38 (1.44) |
1.45 (4.31) |
||
| Constant |
37.12*** (1.47) |
6.03 (6.50) |
57.12*** (4.81) |
− 15.66 (19.05) |
| var(e.vca) |
1315.15*** (209.16) |
1008.47*** (159.22) |
||
| N | 368 | 362 | 368 | 362 |
| Location fixed effects | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Ordinary least squares ((1)–(2)) and tobit regressions ((3)–(4)); upper limit 46 and lower limit 0). *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01. The columns with covariates have slightly reduced sample size since, due to a technical glitch, the educational attainment level was not recorded for five participants, and one participant did not complete the full questionnaire. OwnChild, StrangerChild, and StrangerAdult equals 1 for the respective treatment and 0 otherwise (baseline is the NoObserver treatment). Age is measured in years. Female equals 1 for female participants. The number of kids controls for the respective variable for each participant. Risk measures self-assessed risk attitudes with higher values indicating higher risk-seeking. Patience measures self-assessed time preferences with higher values indicating higher patience. High School Dipl. is equal to 1 for participants who completed secondary education and 0 otherwise. Employed is equal to 1 if a participant is employed and 0 otherwise. Rural is equal to 1 for participants living in rural areas and 0 for those living in a city. Location Fixed Effects include a categorical variable controlling for the study locations Rathausgalerien, Herbstmesse, and Sillpark