Table 2.
Characteristics of enrolled pregnant women and households at baseline.
| Variables | India | Guatemala | Rwanda | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Characteristics of women participants | ||||
| N = 40 | N = 40 | N = 40 | N = 120 | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 24.8 (3.3) | 26.2 (4.2) | 27.9 (4.3) | 26.2 (4.3) |
| Years of schooling, pregnant woman, mean (SD) | 7.5 (5.1) | 3.65 (3.1) | 5.6 (3.3) | 5.6 (4.2) |
| Years of schooling, male partner, mean (SD) | 7.4 (4.1) | 4.15 (3.0) | 6.6 (4.1) | 6.1 (4.0) |
| Number of children under 12 years of age, mean (SD) | 0.73 (0.7) | 1.85 (1.4) | 1.10(0.95) | 1.21 (1.1) |
| Number of adults in household, mean (SD) | 2.93 (1.25) | 2.70 (1.7) | 2.58 (1.2) | 2.74 (1.4) |
| Employment status of pregnant woman | ||||
| Employed, n (%) | 4 (10%) | 38 (95%) | 2 (5%) | 44 (37%) |
| Unemployed or farmer, n (%) | 36 (90%) | 2 (5%) | 38 (95%) | 76 (63%) |
| Exposure to other sources of air pollutiona, n (%) |
11 (27.5%) |
25 (62.5%) |
15 (37.5%) |
51 (42.5%) |
|
Household Characteristics | ||||
| Kitchen type, n (%) | ||||
| Fully enclosed (roof with 4 walls) | 32 (80%) | 32 (82%) | 22 (55%) | 86 (71.7%) |
| Not enclosed/outdoor cooking | 8 (20%) | 8 (18%) | 18 (20%) | 34 (28.3%) |
| Fully enclosed kitchen measurements | ||||
| Kitchen size in m2, mean (SD) | 9.9 (4.1) | 12.5 (4.7) | 5.2 (1.6) | 10.0 (4.8) |
| Kitchen height in m, mean (SD) | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.53 (0.3) | 2.58 (0.3) | 2.64 (0.5) |
| # of doors, mean (SD) | 1.40 (0.5) | 1.15 (0.4) | 1.14 (0.35) | 1.24 (0.4) |
| # of windows or other openings, mean (SD) | 1.82 (1.6) | 7.06 (6.9) | 1.23 (1.3) | 3.63 (5.1) |
| Location of kitchen changed, n (%) | 24 (60%) | 10 (25%) | 36 (90%) | 70 (58%) |
| # of stoves, mean (SD) | 1.31 (0.5) | 1.47 (0.5) | 1.33 (0.6) | 1.37 (0.5) |
| Primary stove type, n (%) | ||||
| Open fire stove (three-stone) | 40 (100%) | 35 (87.5%) | 11 (27.5%) | 86 (71.7%) |
| Biomass stove with chimney | 0 | 5 (12.5%) | 0 | 5 (4.2%) |
| Rondereza (in-built wood-burning stove without chimney in Rwanda) | 0 | 0 | 18 (45%) | 18 (15%) |
| Portable stove (wood or charcoal) | 0 | 0 | 10 (25%) | 10 (8.3%) |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 1 (7.5%) | 1 (2.4%) |
| Primary stove fuel type, n (%) | ||||
| Grass/Shrubs | 0 | 0 | 9 (22.5%) | 9 (7.5%) |
| Agricultural waste | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.5%) | 1 (0.8%) |
| Wood | 40 (100%) | 40 (100%) | 25 (62.5%) | 105 (87.5%) |
| Charcoal | 0 | 0 | 5 (12.5%) | 5 (4.2%) |
| # of burners of primary stove, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 4 (9.7%) | 28 (70%) | 29 (72.5%) | 61 (50.1%) |
| 2 | 36 (90.3%) | 4 (10%) | 9 (22.5%) | 49 (40.8%) |
| ≥3 |
0 |
8 (20%) |
2 (5%) |
10 (4.2%) |
|
Meteorological Characteristics | ||||
| Average Rainfall (cm) | 6.1 | 5.7 | 1.5 | 4.5 |
| Average temperature (°C) | 29.3 | 22.9 | 22.4 | 25.0 |
a
Self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke, mosquito coil burning, trash burning, kerosene burning, incense burning, electricity generator, smoking meat, or crop burning over the past 24 h.