Table 1.
Participant Demographic and Clinical Outcomes.
| HC (n=20) | PD-FOG (n=21) | PD+FOG (n=22) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P a | P b | P c | P d | |
| Age | 69.40 (8.05) | 69.33 (4.97) | 68.09 (7.69) | .535 | .836 | .490 | .651 |
| Sex | M 11/F 9 | M 11/F 10 | M 15/F 7 | .350 | 1.00 | .358 | .358 |
| Height (m) | 1.70 (.09) | 1.69 (.11) | 1.74 (.09) | .250 | 1.00 | .090 | .109 |
| Weight (kg) | 74.39 (13.84) | 76.10 (19.80) | 78.78 (16.86) | .150 | .515 | .011* | .105 |
| GDS-15 | 3.15 (4.11) | 4.95 (5.10) | 7.18 (4.28) | .128 | .219 | .003* | .130 |
| Education | 17.65 (2.54) | 17.14 (2.76) | 16.55 (2.50) | .461 | .521 | .147 | .541 |
| Falls past 12months (n) | .50 (1.10) | .33 (.58) | 6.05 (11.50) | .028* | .596 | .034* | .030* |
| Handedness | R 18/L 3 | R 21/L 2 | R 22/L 0 | .202 | .232 | .664 | .488 |
| MoCA | 27.10 (2.15) | 27.62 (2.22) | 27.00 (2.78) | .426 | .480 | .850 | .415 |
| CLOX1 | 13.25 (1.41) | 12.86 (1.68) | 12.68 (1.64) | .731 | .422 | .235 | .623 |
| CLOX2 | 13.45 (1.47) | 13.95 (1.24) | 13.86 (.83) | .784 | .246 | .277 | .798 |
| JLO | 26.40 (3.56) | 24.81 (4.68) | 22.96 (8.24) | .372 | .227 | .085 | .398 |
| Digit span | 5.95 (.95) | 6.29 (1.23) | 5.91 (1.11) | .297 | .479 | .774 | .299 |
| SRT (ms) | 338.96 (43.02) | 351.12 (66.18) | 395.29 (85.74) | .067 | .479 | .010* | .063 |
| CRT (ms) | 508.18 (66.71) | 519.59 (97.50) | 616.65 (174.80) | .031* | .566 | .009* | .032* |
| DV (ms) | 466.72 (40.46) | 490.72 (66.86) | 543.09 (90.28) | .037* | .180 | .001* | .025* |
| Visual acuity (LogMar) | .04 (.13) | .06 (.18) | .08 (.11) | .657 | .636 | .242 | .623 |
| Contrast sensitivity (LogCS) | 1.66 (.13) | 1.57 (.20) | 1.58 (.13) | .869 | .115 | .057 | .929 |
| Disease duration (years) | — | 5.50 (2.95) | 9.48 (7.00) | — | — | — | .021* |
| H&Y stage | — | I (0)/II (21)/III (1) | I (0)/II (19)/III (4) | — | — | — | .170 |
| LEDD (mg) | — | 628.64 (372.81) | 945.42 (385.83) | — | — | — | .009* |
| MDS-UPDRS III | — | 25.38 (12.34) | 38.86 (12.95) | — | — | — | .001* |
| FOGQ | — | .00 (.00) | 14.77 (6.96) | — | — | — | <.001* |
aAll Participants ANOVA.
bHC vs PD-FOG t-test.
cHC vs PD+FOG t-test.
dPD-FOG vs PD+FOG t-test.
CLOX1&2, Royall’s clock drawing task; CRT, choice reaction time; DV, digit vigilance; FOGQ, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale (short form); H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; JLO, judgement of line orientation; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dosage; MDS-UPDRS III, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (motor sub-section); MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SRT, simple reaction time. *P<.05.