Table 3.

Ocular side effects of various drugs used to treat autoimmune diseases.

Drug	Associated Ocular effect	Reference
Methotrexate	Conjunctivitis, dry eye, blepharitis, Cotton wool spots, photophobia, epiphora, optic neuropathy, ocular burning, irritation and blurred vision	(221–223)
Azathioprine	Retinal vasculitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and uveitis	(224)
Hydroxychloroquine	Retinal toxicity, Bull’s eye maculopathy and vortex keratopathy	(225, 226)
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors	Conjunctivitis, blurred vision, branched retinal vein occlusion and thrombosis	(227, 228)
Glucocorticoids	Sub-capsular cataracts, secondary open-angle glaucoma, cataract, optic nerve damage, mydriasis central Verous chorioretinopathy	(229, 230)
Anti-TNFa drugs	Uveitis, vitritis, orbital granuloma, orbital myositis, herpes zoster keratitis, scleritis, optic neuritis and chiasmopathy	(231)
Aminosalicylates	Dry eye, blurred vision, Steven-Johnson syndrome and optic neuropathy	(232, 233)
Psoralen and Ultraviolet A (PUVA)	Conjunctival hyperemia, reduced lens transparency, dry eye, cataract formation and lens opacities	(234, 235, 236)