. 2021 Nov 6;8:100286. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100286

Table 2a.

Association between income and utilization of CVD risk preventive services among MEPS participants without CVD, based on level of income.

Preventive Service	High-income^a	Middle-income^aOR^b^,^c (95% CI)	Low-income^aOR^b^,^c (95% CI)	VL-income^aOR^b^,^c (95% CI)
Advised to quit smoking (current smokers)	1 (Ref)	0.81 (0.72–0.91)^*	0.70 (0.62–0.79)^*	0.71 (0.63–0.79)^*
Blood pressure checked within the last 2 years	1 (Ref)	0.61 (0.57–0.66)^*	0.45 (0.42–0.49)^*	0.41 (0.37–0.45)^*
Advised to exercise more	1 (Ref)	0.92 (0.88–0.96)^*	0.79 (0.75–0.84)^*	0.81 (0.77–0.85)^*
Advised by a healthcare professional toeat fewer high fat/cholesterol foods	1 (Ref)	0.89 (0.86–0.93)^*	0.77 (0.73–0.81)^*	0.77 (0.74–0.81)^*
Cholesterol levels checked within last 5 years	1 (Ref)	0.60 (0.56–0.64)^*	0.42 (0.39–0.45)^*	0.36 (0.33–0.38)^*

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; VL, very low; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Income level is one's household income, given as proportion of federal poverty level (FPL): high-income (≥400% FPL), middle-income (200 to <400% FPL), low-income (125 to <200% FPL), very low-income (<125% FPL).

OR models adjust for age, race/ethnicity, sex, region, health insurance, educational status, Charlson Comorbidity Index; the high-income group serves as the reference group.

OR <1 indicates a group is less likely to receive a CVD risk preventive service.

^⁎

Indicates statistically significant results (p<0.05).