Table 2b.

Association between income and utilization of CVD risk preventive services among MEPS participants with CVD, based on level of income.

Preventive Service	High-incomea	Middle-incomeaORb,c (95% CI)	Low-incomeaORb,c (95% CI)	VL-incomeaORb,c (95% CI)
Advised to quit smoking (current smokers)	1 (Ref)	0.97 (0.74–1.27)	0.64 (0.48–0.86)*	0.78 (0.61–0.99)*
Blood pressure checked within the last 2 years	1 (Ref)	0.45 (0.32–0.63)*	0.34 (0.24–0.49)*	0.32 (0.22–0.46)*
Advised to exercise more	1 (Ref)	0.89 (0.82–0.97)*	0.79 (0.71–0.87)*	0.84 (0.76–0.93)*
Advised by a healthcare professional toeat fewer high fat/cholesterol foods	1 (Ref)	0.87 (0.80–0.95)*	0.84 (0.76–0.93)*	0.95 (0.86–1.04)
Cholesterol levels checked within last 5 years	1 (Ref)	0.50 (0.41–0.61)*	0.34 (0.28–0.42)*	0.33 (0.26–0.42)*

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; VL, very low; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aIncome level is one's household income, given as proportion of federal poverty level (FPL): high-income (≥400% FPL), middle-income (200 to <400% FPL), low-income (125 to <200% FPL), very low-income (<125% FPL).

^bOR models adjust for age, race/ethnicity, sex, region, health insurance, educational status, Charlson Comorbidity Index; the high-income group serves as the reference group.

^cOR <1 indicates a group is less likely to receive a CVD risk preventive service.

^⁎Indicates statistically significant results (p<0.05).