Table 3a.

Association between income and utilization of CVD risk preventive services among participants without CVD, restricted to those who visited a provider within past year.

Preventive Service	High-incomea	Middle-incomeaORb,c (95% CI)	Low-incomeaORb,c (95% CI)	VL-incomeaORb,c (95% CI)
Advised to quit smoking (current smokers)	1 (Ref)	0.93 (0.81–1.07)	0.85 (0.73–1.00)	0.87 (0.75–1.01)
Blood pressure checked within the last 2 years	1 (Ref)	0.68 (0.60–0.76)*	0.65 (0.56–0.75)*	0.65 (0.56–0.77)*
Advised to exercise more	1 (Ref)	0.91 (0.87–0.95)*	0.82 (0.77–0.88)*	0.80 (0.75–0.85)*
Advised by a healthcare professional to eatfewer high fat/cholesterol foods	1 (Ref)	0.96 (0.92–1.00)	0.90 (0.85–0.96)*	0.87 (0.82–0.93)*
Cholesterol levels checked within last 5 years	1 (Ref)	0.69 (0.64–0.74)*	0.57 (0.52–0.62)*	0.55 (0.50–0.61)*

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; VL, very low; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aIncome level is one's household income, given as proportion of federal poverty level (FPL): high-income (≥400% FPL), middle-income (200 to <400% FPL), low-income (125 to <200% FPL), very low-income (<125% FPL).

^bOR models adjust for age, race/ethnicity, sex, region, health insurance, educational status, Charlson Comorbidity Index; the high-income group serves as the reference group.

^cOR <1 indicates a group is less likely to receive a CVD risk preventive service.

^⁎Indicates statistically significant results (p<0.05).