Table 3.
Community Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Attitude to Pediatric Pain in Nigeria According to Their Demographic and Clinical Profiles (N=375)
| Characteristics | Correct Answers M±SD (%) | Incorrect Answers M±SD (%) | Unsure Answers M±SD (%) | t-test Statistics tc; ti; tu | F- test /Statistics | Eta2t; Eta2f; Ec; Ei; Eu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 10.06±5.19(41.9) | 9.78±4.20(40.8) | 4.16±3.36(17.3) | 4.98p; −5.90p; | 0.06; 0.09; | |
| Female | 9.90±6.13(41.3) | 9.82±4.98(40.9) | 4.28±4.15(17.8) | −2.91p | 0.02 | |
| Add. Qualifications | ||||||
| Yes | 10.02±5.15(41.7) | 9.92±4.03(41.3) | 4.07±3.80(16.9) | 4.33p; 5.16p; | 0.05; 0.07 | |
| No | 9.97±5.61(41.6) | 9.74±4.57(40.6) | 4.26±4.57(17.8) | −2.39p | 0.02 | |
| Second degree types | ||||||
| Clinically-related | 10.02±5.32(41.8) | 9.98±4.33(41.6) | 4.00±3.88(16.7) | 6.34p; 7.72p; | 0.27; 0.35 | |
| Non-clinically related | 9.44±5.67(39.4) | 9.72±4.07(40.6) | 4.80±4.88(20.0) | −3.04q | 0.08 | |
| Practiced elsewhere before comm. pharm. | ||||||
| Yes | 10.16±5.35(41.4) | 9.83±4.09(41.6) | 4.01±3.58(17.0) | 4.26q; 5.38p; | 0.05; 0.07 | |
| No | 9.70±5.68(40.4) | 9.73±4.88(40.5) | 2.15±4.31(19.1) | 2.21p | 0.01 | |
| Cause of pain | ||||||
| Known | 10.02±5.53(41.7) | 9.82±4.90(41.7) | 4.17±3.87(17.4) | 7.16p; 7.90p; | 0.20; 0.24; | |
| Not known | 9.77±5.40(40.7) | 9.65±4.84(40.2) | 4.58±4.00(19.1) | 4.14q | 0.08 | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 20–29 | 9.75±5.79(40.6) | 9.75±4.78(40.6) | 4.5±3.26(18.8) | 2.858p | 0.03 | |
| 30–39 | 10.35±5.70(43.1) | 10.08±4.79(42.0) | 3.57±1.70(14.9) | |||
| a40–49 | 10.78±5.80(44.9) | 9.16±5.11(38.2) | 4.06±4.36(16.9) | |||
| b50–59 | 9.15±6.62(38.1) | 10.14±4.39(42.3) | 4.71±3.91(19.6) | |||
| ≥60 | 8.10±6.07(33.8) | 10.24±5.05(42.6) | 5.66±2.79(23.6) | |||
| Ownership | ||||||
| Self-owned | 9.76±5.39(40.7) | 9.84±4.25(41.0) | 4.40±1.90(18.3) | 3.643p | 0.02 | |
| Joint ownership | 9.24±5.72(38.5) | 10.00±4.70(41.7) | 4.76±2.24(19.8) | |||
| In employment | 10.74±5.83(44.8) | 9.65±4.87(40.2) | 3.61±1.82(15.0) | |||
| Geopolitical zones | ||||||
| North-central | 9.80±5.26(40.8) | 10.17±3.69(42.4) | 4.03±1.46(16.8) | 4.497p | 0.06 | |
| North-east | 10.91±5.51(45.5) | 8.83±4.77(36.8) | 4.26±2.30(17.8) | |||
| aNorth-west | 10.40±5.91(43.3) | 9.65±4.95(40.2) | 3.95±2.03(16.5) | |||
| cSouth-east | 10.27±4.63(42.8) | 8.67±2.53(36.2) | 5.06±1.48(21.1) | |||
| South-south | 10.11±5.13(42.2) | 9.53±5.30(39.7) | 4.36±2.42(18.2) | |||
| bSouth-west | 9.17±6.32(38.2) | 10.38±5.08(43.3) | 4.45±2.18(18.5) | |||
| Years of practice | ||||||
| a1–10 | 10.36±5.40(43.2) | 9.87±4.33(41.1) | 3.77±1.65(15.7) | 3.985p | 0.03 | |
| c11–20 | 10.29±6.17(42.9) | 9.54±5.31(39.8) | 4.17±2.32(17.3) | |||
| d21–30 | 9.40±5.26(39.2) | 9.58±4.44(39.9) | 5.02±2.33(20.9) | |||
| b31–40 | 8.28±6.70(34.5) | 10.38±5.08(43.3) | 5.34±2.67(22.2) | |||
| Perceived cause | ||||||
| bDisease-related | 9.21±5.50(38.4) | 10.23±5.30(42.6) | 4.56±2.36(19.0) | 4.168p | 0.06 | |
| aSocial-related | 11.02±6.08(45.9) | 9.41±5.02(39.2) | 3.57±1.90(14.9) | |||
| Menstruation | 8.70±2.98(36.3) | 10.2±1.09(42.5) | 5.10±0.55(21.2) | |||
| Not reported | 9.70±5.72(40.4) | 9.70±5.05(40.4) | 4.60±2.39(19.2) | |||
| Ever trained | ||||||
| Yes | 10.38±5.31(43.3) | 9.57±4.04(39.9) | 4.05±1.71(16.9) | 3.587p | 0.02 | |
| No | 9.71±5.73(40.5) | 10.02±4.90(41.8) | 4.27±2.09(17.8) | |||
| Cannot remember | 9.35±5.58(39.0) | 9.87±4.94(41.1) | 4.78±2.39(19.9) |
Notes: a, b, c, d-categories of each group where the statistical significance in mean difference lie; pP<0.05; qP≤0.005.
Abbreviations: M±SD, Mean±Standard deviation; %, Percentage of those with the respective mean knowledge score; F, statistics-For One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA); tc, t-test statistic for correct answers; ti, t-test statistic for incorrect answers; tu-, t-test statistic for unsure answers; F, test: statistic for one-way analysis of variance; Eta2t, for t-test; Eta2f, for one-way analysis of variance; Ec, Eta2 for correct answers; Ei, Eta2 for incorrect answers; Eu, Eta2 for unsure answers; Add., Additional; comm., community; pharm., pharmacy.