Table 2.
Outcome measures included and direction of impact of supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs) on routine immunisation and health system
| First author Publication year WHO Region |
Impact on routine immunisation (overall conclusion) | Financial investment | Human health resources (workforce strengthening) | Health service delivery |
| Bawa et al37 2018 WHO AFRO |
|
NA |
 Capacity building & training |
 Child & maternal health interventions |
| Bawa et al32 2019 WHO AFRO |
|
 Sustained funding for integrated primary healthcare services |
 Training for surveyors, nurses, midwives, community health workers |
 Healthcare delivery to undeserved areas Awareness in caregivers Access to mobile healthcare services Mobile routine immunisation service |
| Bedford et al38 2017 WHO AFRO |
|
NA | NA |
 Community awareness & engagement with paediatric vaccinationAwareness in caregivers |
| Bonu et al11 2003 WHO SEARO |
|
NA | NA | NA |
| Bonu et al12 2004 WHO AFRO WHO SEARO |
   (depending on region) |
NA | NA |
 Awareness about immunisation |
| Closser et al39 2014 WHO AFRO WHO SEARO | Inconclusive | NA |
 Capacity building & training Broadening knowledge Worker satisfaction in areas with>4 campaigns per year |
 Provision of additional services Cold chain strengthening Service interruptions Public satisfaction in districts with many campaigns per year |
| Helleringer et al402016 WHO SEARO |
|
NA | NA |
 Use of routine immunisation services |
| Koop et al41 2001 WHO SEARO |
|
NA |
 Healthcare worker recruitment |
 Access to healthcare via weekly clinics Support for other disease control Service delivery, communications & community engagements |
| Levin et al13 2002 WHO AFRO WHO SEARO | NA |
 Financing for routine immunisation & population health programmes (some regions only) No impact in some regions |
NA | NA |
| Mangrio et al 67 2008 WHO EMRO | NA | NA |
 Healthcare worker mobilityStaff dissatisfaction & competition |
 Detrimental impact on routine immunisation, due to reassigned staff |
| Mello et al42 2010 PAHO/WHO |
|
NA | NA |
 Routine health service delivery |
| Nsubuga et al 43 2018 WHO AFRO | NA | NA |
 Skilled workforce |
 Routine services due to increased capacity Predicted disruptions after withdrawal |
| Onyeka et al 44 2014 WHO AFRO | NA | NA |
 Capacity building & training Recruitment of volunteers and vaccinators from community |
 Routine health service delivery |
| Poy 2016 WHO AFRO |
|
NA |
 Capacity building & training |
 Integrated health interventions and Data on vaccine preventable diseases related activities |
| Tafesse 2017 WHO AFRO | NA | NA |
 Capacity building & training Deployment of technical assistants |
 Service delivery, communications and community engagement Cold chain |
| van den Ent 2017 WHO AFRO WHO EMRO WHO SEARO | NA | NA |
 Capacity building & training |
 Improved health systems, & awareness of routine immunisation & other health initiatives(predicted reversal on withdrawal of Global Polio Eradication Initiative funded personnel) |
| van Turennout 2003 WHO AFRO |
|
NA |
 Staff morale |
 Routine services as they function well |
| Verguet 2013 WHO AFRO | NA | NA |
 Skilled workforce |
 First antenatal care visits Maternal health visits Regular health system functioning due to diverting resources |
| Wallance 2017 WHO SEARO | NA | NA |
 Staff skills & knowledge Informing children to return for routine immunisationImmunisation technique |
 Health systemsSupply chains Health information systems |
| Zuber 2003 WHO AFRO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
= SIA had a POSTIVE influence for that outcome measure.
= SIA had a NEGATIVE influence for that outcome measure.
= SIA had neither positive nor negative impact.
NA = outcome measure not included in study.