MCF-7 cells acquire TAM resistance as shown by increased cell viability. (A) MCF-7 and MCF-7R cells were cultured in phenol red-free RPMI-1640 with various concentrations of 4-hydroxytamoxifen for 48 h. ***P<0.001 vs. the untreated control. &&&P<0.001 vs. the untreated control. (B) MCF-7 and MCF-7R cells were treated with 1x10-7 M 4-hydroxytamoxifen for different durations. #P<0.05 vs. the MCF-7R+4-hydroxytamoxifen group. (C) Different cell lines were treated with various concentrations of 4-hydroxytamoxifen for 48 h, and the inhibition of cell viability was measured from which half-maximal inhibitory concentration values were calculated. Cell viability was determined using an MTS assay. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. MCF-7R, TAM-resistant MCF-7 cells; TAM, tamoxifen; shH19, short hairpin RNA targeting H19; NC, negative control shRNA.