Table 3.

Participants' questionnaires data: biological sex differences.

	M ± SD whole sample	N	M ± SD Males	N	M ± SD Females	N	p-value*	Cohen Dz
PSQI total	6.0 ± 2.7	572	5.4 ± 2.7	112	6.1 ± 2.8	458	0.023	0.25
PSQI latency (min)	55.9 ± 61.7	562	67.2 ± 75.1	110	53.1 ± 57.8	450	0.212	0.18
PSQI duration (hrs)	7.6 ± 1.4	572	7.6 ± 1.2	112	7.6 ± 1.4	458	0.825	0
PSQI efficiency (%)	88.7 ± 14.1	572	91.3 ± 13.5	112	88.1 ± 14.2	458	0.021	0.22
ISI	7.5 ± 4.8	573	6.0 ± 4.5	112	7.8 ± 4.9	459	<0.001	0.36
STAI state (raw)	42.9 ± 12.2	544	38.2 ± 12.2	102	44.0 ± 12.0	440	<0.001	0.47
STAI trait (raw)	44.1 ± 11.9	541	39.9 ± 12.3	101	45.1 ± 11.6	438	<0.001	0.42
BDI	13.1 ± 10.0	573	9.7 ± 9.9	112	14.0 ± 9.9	459	<0.001	0.43
Trauma severity	20.0 ± 13.4	552	15.1 ± 13.0	105	21.2 ± 13.2	445	<0.001	0.46
Trauma frequency	17.8 ± 13.2	552	12.9 ± 12.9	105	19.0 ± 13.0	445	<0.001	0.46
Total trauma	37.9 ± 26.1	552	28.1 ± 25.4	105	40.2 ± 25.7	445	<0.001	0.47
IRI total	63.8 ± 15.7	573	54.7 ± 13.4	112	65.9 ± 15.5	459	<0.001	0.72
IRI perspective taking	15.8 ± 5.0	573	14.6 ± 5.4	112	16.1 ± 4.8	459	0.006	0.27
IRI fantasy	15.3 ± 6.6	573	13.0 ± 6.1	112	15.9 ± 6.6	459	<0.001	0.43
IRI empathic concern	20.2 ± 4.9	573	17.3 ± 4.7	112	20.8 ± 4.8	459	<0.001	0.75
IRI personal distress	11.0 ± 5.3	573	8.8 ± 4.4	112	11.5 ± 5.4	459	<0.001	0.50

M ± SD, Mean ± Standard Deviation; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory (cutoff >17); IRI, Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Bold fonts indicates significant p values.

^*Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to compare males and females due to differences in sample size. Cohen D_z is reported as a measure of effect size.