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. 2020 Sep 17;1:580652. doi: 10.3389/fgwh.2020.580652

Table 3.

Multiple comparisonsa of means in general mental health state (MHS) scores and age by quarantine sub-periods.

MHS indicators and age Quarantine sub-periods Dif 95% CI p adjb
Lower Upper
Self-perceived health 1. First week pre-extension–2. Second week pre-extension 0.06 −0.45 0.57 1.00
1. First week pre-extension–3. First extension 0.17 −0.26 0.61 0.86
1. First week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.95 0.48 1.43 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 0.91 0.45 1.37 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 0.93 0.53 1.33 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–3. First extension 0.11 −0.45 0.68 0.99
2. Second week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.89 0.30 1.49 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 0.85 0.26 1.43 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 0.87 0.33 1.41 < 0.001
3. First extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.78 0.24 1.32 < 0.001
3. First extension–5. Fourth extension 0.73 0.21 1.26 0.001
3. First extension–6. Fifth extension 0.76 0.29 1.23 < 0.001
4. Second/third extensions–5. Fourth extension −0.04 −0.60 0.51 1.00
4. Second/third extensions–6. Fifth extension −0.02 −0.53 0.48 1.00
5. Fourth extension–6. Fifth extension 0.02 −0.47 0.51 1.00
Psychological discomfort 1. First week pre-extension–2. Second week pre-extension −0.06 −0.33 0.21 0.99
1. First week pre-extension–3. First extension 0.04 −0.19 0.28 0.99
1. First week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.52 0.27 0.78 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 0.50 0.25 0.75 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 0.52 0.31 0.74 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–3. First extension 0.10 −0.20 0.41 0.92
2. Second week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.58 0.26 0.90 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 0.56 0.25 0.88 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 0.59 0.30 0.88 < 0.001
3. First extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.48 0.19 0.77 < 0.001
3. First extension–5. Fourth extension 0.46 0.18 0.74 < 0.001
3. First extension–6. Fifth extension 0.48 0.23 0.73 < 0.001
4. Second/third extensions–5. Fourth extension −0.02 −0.32 0.28 1.00
4. Second/third extensions–6. Fifth extension 0.004 −0.27 0.27 1.00
5. Fourth extension–6. Fifth extension 0.02 −0.24 0.29 1.00
Social functioning and coping 1. First week pre-extension–2. Second week pre-extension 0.12 −0.17 0.41 0.83
1. First week pre-extension–3. First extension 0.13 −0.12 0.38 0.66
1. First week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.43 0.16 0.70 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 0.41 0.14 0.67 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 0.41 0.18 0.63 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–3. First extension 0.01 −0.31 0.33 1.00
2. Second week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.31 −0.03 0.65 0.10
2. Second week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 0.28 −0.05 0.62 0.15
2. Second week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 0.28 −0.02 0.59 0.10
3. First extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.30 −0.01 0.61 0.06
3. First extension–5. Fourth extension 0.27 −0.02 0.57 0.10
3. First extension–6. Fifth extension 0.27 0.01 0.54 0.04
4. Second/third extensions–5. Fourth extension −0.02 −0.34 0.29 1.00
4. Second/third extensions–6. Fifth extension −0.03 −0.32 0.26 1.00
5. Fourth extension–6. Fifth extension −0.001 −0.28 0.28 1.00
Psychological distress 1. First week pre-extension–2. Second week pre-extension −0.16 −1.38 1.06 1.00
1. First week pre-extension–3. First extension −1.16 −2.21 −0.12 0.02
1. First week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.92 −0.22 2.06 0.20
1. First week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 0.91 −0.19 2.01 0.17
1. First week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 1.24 0.29 2.20 0.003
2. Second week pre-extension–3. First extension −1.00 −2.36 0.35 0.28
2. Second week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 1.08 −0.35 2.51 0.26
2. Second week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 1.07 −0.33 2.47 0.25
2. Second week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 1.40 0.12 2.69 0.02
3. First extension–4. Second/third extensions 2.08 0.80 3.37 < 0.001
3. First extension–5. Fourth extension 2.07 0.82 3.33 < 0.001
3. First extension–6. Fifth extension 2.41 1.29 3.54 < 0.001
4. Second/third extensions–5. Fourth extension −0.01 −1.34 1.32 1.00
4. Second/third extensions–6. Fifth extension 0.33 −0.89 1.54 0.97
5. Fourth extension–6. Fifth extension 0.34 −0.84 1.52 0.96
Age 1. First week pre-extension–2. Second week pre-extension 0.93 −0.30 2.17 0.26
1. First week pre-extension–3. First extension 5.28 4.22 6.34 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 5.80 4.65 6.96 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 4.02 2.90 5.14 < 0.001
1. First week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 5.61 4.64 6.58 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–3. First extension 4.34 2.97 5.72 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–4. Second/third extensions 4.87 3.42 6.32 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–5. Fourth extension 3.08 1.66 4.50 < 0.001
2. Second week pre-extension–6. Fifth extension 4.67 3.37 5.98 < 0.001
3. First extension–4. Second/third extensions 0.53 −0.78 1.83 0.86
3. First extension–5. Fourth extension −1.26 −2.53 0.01 0.05
3. First extension–6. Fifth extension 0.33 −0.81 1.47 0.96
4. Second/third extensions–5. Fourth extension −1.79 −3.14 −0.44 0.002
4. Second/third extensions–6. Fifth extension −0.20 −1.43 1.03 0.99
5. Fourth extension–6. Fifth extension 1.59 0.39 2.79 0.002

Dif, Difference; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; Lower—Upper, Lower and upper limits of 95% confidence intervals; p adj, Adjusted p-value; Low, up to 10 confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 inhabitants; Intermediate, between 11 and 25 confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 inhabitants; High, > 50 confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 inhabitants. 1. First week pre-extension = First week of quarantine before extension, including participants answering during 17–23 March 2020; 2. Second week pre-extension = Second week of quarantine before extension, including participants answering during 24–29 March 2020; 3. First extension = Sub-period after the first quarantine extension, including participants answering during 30 March to 10 April 2020; 4. Second/third extensions = Sub-period after the second quarantine extension and including the third extension, with participants answering during 11 April to 08 May 2020; 5. Fourth extension = Sub-period after the fourth quarantine extension, including participants answering during 09–23 May 2020; 6. Fifth extension = Sub-period after the fifth quarantine extension, including participants answering during 24 May to 04 June 2020.

a

Multiple comparisons of means were carried out with Tukey post hoc test.

b

Exact p-values are informed, except for p-values under 0.001, which are informed as <0.001. Statistically significant p-values are highlighted in bold.