Table 2.
Multinomial regression analysis of women's characteristics and childbirth location for most recent birth within the last 2 years (n = 8,921).
| Place of birth (reference: Home birth) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Public clinic | Public hospital | Private clinic/hospital | |
| Variables (reference group) | AME | AME | AME |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| PREDISPOSING FACTORS | |||
| Woman's age category (ref: 15–19 years) | |||
| 20–24 years | −0.024 (−0.068, 0.021) |
−0.032 (−0.072, 0.008) |
0.011 (−0.008, 0.031) |
| 25–29 years | −0.056* (−0.099, −0.012) |
−0.055** (−0.096, −0.014) |
−0.001 (−0.021, 0.018) |
| 30–34 years | −0.069*** (−0.111, −0.027) |
−0.040* (−0.080, 0.000) |
−0.007 (−0.027, 0.014) |
| 35–39 years | −0.044 (−0.090, 0.001) |
−0.047* (−0.090, −0.004) |
0.006 (−0.015, 0.027) |
| 40–44 years | −0.068** (−0.119, −0.018) |
−0.034 (−0.080, 0.012) |
0.008 (−0.016, 0.033) |
| 45–49 years | −0.119*** (−0.177, −0.062) |
−0.021 (−0.084, 0.041) |
0.041 (−0.006, 0.088) |
| Woman's education level (ref: No education) | |||
| Primary education | 0.043* (0.000, 0.085) |
0.045** (0.013, 0.077) |
0.021 (−0.002, 0.044) |
| Secondary education and more | 0.016 (−0.019, 0.052) |
0.067*** (0.029, 0.105) |
0.040** (0.014, 0.065) |
| Gravidity (ref: No previous pregnancies) | |||
| 1+ previous pregnancies | 0.021 (−0.023, 0.065) |
−0.020 (−0.063, 0.024) |
0.028** (0.009, 0.047) |
| ENABLING FACTORS | |||
| Wealth status (ref: First quintile) | |||
| Second quintile | 0.041** (0.015, 0.067) |
−0.024 (−0.054, 0.006) |
−0.015 (−0.033, 0.003) |
| Third quintile | 0.020 (−0.011, 0.051) |
−0.004 (−0.036, 0.028) |
0.006 (−0.016, 0.028) |
| Fourth quintile | 0.033* (0.002, 0.064) |
0.027 (−0.008, 0.061) |
0.017 (−0.004, 0.038) |
| Fifth quintile | 0.047* (0.011, 0.083) |
0.030 (−0.005, 0.065) |
0.036** (0.010, 0.062) |
| Main mode of transportation (ref: Foot) | |||
| Motor | −0.006 (−0.043, 0.031) |
0.022 (−0.005, 0.049) |
0.005 (−0.013, 0.023) |
| Closest facility type (ref: Sub Health Center) | |||
| Basic Health Center | 0.019 (−0.015, 0.053) |
−0.016 (−0.049, 0.017) |
0.012 (−0.007, 0.031) |
| Comprehensive Health Center | 0.005 (−0.029, 0.039) |
−0.032 (−0.067, 0.004) |
−0.005 (−0.024, 0.014) |
| Hospital | −0.002 (−0.069, 0.066) |
0.060* (0.005, 0.115) |
0.001 (−0.023, 0.025) |
| Distance to the nearest main or secondary road (km) |
0.001 (0.000, 0.001) |
−0.003*** (−0.003, −0.002) |
0.000 (−0.001, 0.000) |
| ANC adequacy index (ref: No ANC) | |||
| Inadequate | 0.135*** (0.113, 0.157) |
0.085*** (0.067, 0.104) |
0.030*** (0.019, 0.040) |
| Adequate | 0.226*** (0.174, 0.278) |
0.129*** (0.093, 0.166) |
0.038** (0.014, 0.063) |
| OTHER CONTROL VARIABLES | |||
| Province (ref: Parwan) | |||
| Badakhshan | −0.067*** (−0.106, −0.028) |
−0.012 (−0.074, 0.051) |
−0.019* (−0.036, −0.002) |
| Takhar | 0.040 (−0.026, 0.107) |
−0.084*** (−0.122, −0.046) |
0.007 (−0.012, 0.026) |
| Samangan | 0.196*** (0.136, 0.256) |
−0.028 (−0.080, 0.023) |
−0.003 (−0.024, 0.018) |
| Balkh | −0.043* (−0.078, −0.008) |
−0.014 (−0.068, 0.040) |
0.035** (0.011, 0.060) |
| Jawzjan | 0.010 (−0.031, 0.050) |
−0.025 (−0.065, 0.015) |
0.121*** (0.069, 0.173) |
| Bamyan | 0.081** (0.031, 0.130) |
−0.015 (−0.071, 0.040) |
−0.028*** (−0.042, −0.014) |
| Saripul | 0.064* (0.001, 0.127) |
0.017 (−0.040, 0.075) |
0.001 (−0.026, 0.028) |
| Panjsher | 0.151*** (0.080, 0.222) |
−0.063*** (−0.101, −0.025) |
−0.013 (−0.032, 0.005) |
| Year (ref: 2010) | |||
| 2013 | 0.034 (0.011, 0.058) |
−0.012 (−0.031, 0.007) |
0.034*** (0.018, 0.049) |
| 2015 | 0.085*** (0.057, 0.113) |
0.056*** (0.031, 0.082) |
0.031*** (0.013, 0.048) |
| Received RBF intervention (ref: No) | |||
| Yes | −0.016 (−0.045, 0.014) |
0.022 (−0.003, 0.046) |
0.016* (0.001, 0.032) |
AME, Average marginal effect; ANC, Antenatal Care; RBF, Results-based financing.
*
p ≤ 0.05,
**
p ≤ 0.01,
***
p ≤ 0.001. Marginal effect for factor variables is the discrete change from the base level.