Table 2.
Distribution of Categorical measures of Psychosis Phenotypes, Depression, and Clinical diagnosis for level of outcome (n = n = 47,004)
| PEs level1 N = 13,978 (29·7%) |
PEs level2 N = 23,567 (50·1%) |
PEs level3 N = 6402 (13·6%) |
PEs level4 N = 2118 (4·5%) |
PEs level5 N = 939 (2·0%) |
Deviation From Linearity | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | βa | χ2 | P-value | |
|
Hallucinations and Delusions n = 324 (0·7%) |
0 (0·0) |
– |
0 (0·0) |
– |
23 (0·4) |
1·00 (Ref) |
87 (4·1) |
11·94***$ (7·52–18·96) |
214 (22·8) |
82·52***$ (53·29–127·77) |
– | – | – |
| – | – |
1·00 (Ref) |
12·98***$ (8·15–20·68) |
101·83***$ (64·49–160·77) |
– | – | – | ||||||
|
Schizophrenia Nuclear Symptoms n = 360 (0·8%) |
0 (0·0) |
– |
0 (0·0) |
– |
10 (0·2) |
1·00 (Ref) |
48 (2·3) |
14·87***$ (7·51–29·44) |
302 (32·2) |
303·68***$ (160·88–573·21) |
– | – | – |
| – | – |
1·00 (Ref) |
7·10***$ (3·74–13·48) |
127·81***$ (72·28–225·98) |
– | – | – | ||||||
|
Nuclear Symptoms and Depression n = 85 (0·2%) |
0 (0·0) |
– |
0 (0·0) |
– |
0 (0·0) |
– |
3 (0·1) |
1·00 (Ref) |
82 (8·7) |
67·55***$ (21·28–214·37) |
– | – | – |
| – | – | – |
1·00 (Ref) |
26·56***$ (8·18–86·21) |
– | – | – | ||||||
|
Depressive Disorder n = 567 (1·2%) |
24 (0·2) |
1·00 (Ref) |
50 (0·2) |
1·24 (0·76–2·01) |
103 (1·6) |
9·57***$ (6·13–14·94) |
144 (6·8) |
42·83***$ (27·73–66·16) |
246 (26·2) |
208·41***$ (136·07–319·20) |
0·58 | 166·12 | < 0·001$ |
|
Diagnosed Schizophrenia n = 63 (0·1%) |
10 (0·07) |
1·00 (Ref) |
19 (0·08) |
1·17 (0·54–2·52) |
12 (0·2) |
2·73* (1·18–6·32) |
8 (0·4) |
5·48***$ (2·16–13·90) |
14 (1·5) |
22·16***$ (9·80–50·10) |
0·43 | 22·06 | < 0·001$ |
|
1·00 (Ref) |
0·95 (0·44–2·06) |
1·59 (0·66–3·86) |
2·41 (0·86–6·74) |
6·19***$ (2·11–18·17) |
0·32 | 9·98 | 0·002$ | ||||||
|
Diagnosed Non-Psychotic Disorder n = 2321 (4·9%) |
258 (1·8) |
1·00 (Ref) |
907 (3·8) |
2·16***$ (1·88–2·48) |
604 (9·4) |
5·61***$ (4·83–6·51) |
332 (15·7) |
9·99***$ (8·43–11·85) |
220 (23·4) |
16·52***$ (13·59–20·08) |
0·14 | 51·13 | < 0·001$ |
|
1·00 (Ref) |
1·76***$ (1·52–2·03) |
3·37***$ (2·87–3·96) |
4·69***$ (3·87–5·68) |
5·36***$ (4·23–6·80) |
0·05 | 6·80 | 0·009 | ||||||
Adjusted for age and sex· Second row for each variable additionally adjusted for PHQ-9 score
*p < 0·05, **p < 0·01,***p < 0·001
aregression coefficient for the squared term of PEs scores· A negative squared term suggests a qualitatively stronger association at the lower end of the PEs spectrum, and a positive squared term suggests a qualitatively stronger association at the higher end of the PEs spectrum. Significant deviation from linearity indicates a positive linear effect
$: significance after correction for regressions of 21 variables using Bonferroni’s correction and the new threshold is 0.05/21 = 0.0024