TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies in the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
| Reference | Study Design (Dates) | Location(s) | Follow-Up Period | n | Key Inclusion Criteria | Age, y Mean (SD)/Median (Range) | BV+ at Baseline | BV Diagnosis Method | TV Diagnosis Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbai et al28 | Cohort, retrospective (2003–2005) | Durban, South Africa | 24 mo | 435 | 18–49 y, CT−, HIV−, NG−, abnormal physical examination | 25 (21–35) | 31.0% | Amsel criteria | Urine PCR (NAAT) |
| Balkus et al29 | Cohort, prospective (1993–2005) | Mombasa, Kenya | Unclear | 570 | ≥16 y, sex workers | 35 (5) | 44.4% | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy |
| Balkus et al40 | Cohort, retrospective (2005–2008) | Malawi; South Africa; USA; Zambia; Zimbabwe | 12–30 mo | 2920 | ≥18 y, HIV−, not pregnant, sexually active | 91.6% ≤34 y | 37.1% | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy |
| Brahmbhatt et al30 | Cohort, retrospective (2011–2012) | Rakai, Uganda | 12 mo | 2374 | 15–49 y, TV−, sexually active | 86.6% <40 y | 39.7% | Nugent score 7–10 | TV culture |
| Brotman et al33 | Case-control, retrospective (1990–2002) | Baltimore, MD | Unclear | 762 | 11–18 y, ≥3 visits to STD clinic | 15.6 (14.4–16.8) | 26.0% | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy |
| Brotman et al34 | Cohort, retrospective (1999–2002) | Birmingham, AL | 1 y | 3620 | 15–44 y, not pregnant | 24.5 (17.4–31.5) | 39.6% | Amsel’s criteria | Wet mount microscopy or TV culture |
| Fichorova et al38 | Cohort, retrospective (1999–2004) | Uganda; Zimbabwe | 2 y | 934 | 18–25 y, HIV−, not pregnant, sexually active | NR | NR | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy |
| Jarrett et al31 | Case-control, retrospective (2012–2014) | Mombasa, Kenya | Unclear | 68 | Not pregnant, HIV− | 36.2 (9.2) | 25.0% | Nugent score 7–10 | TMA (NAAT) |
| Kapiga et al32 | Cohort, prospective (2003–2004) | Durban, South Africa; Moshi, Tanzania; Lusaka, Zambia | 1 y | 958 | NR | 28.6 (16–62) | NR | Nugent score (no scale) | Wet mount microscopy |
| Kaul et al41 | RCT, retrospective (1998–2002) | Nairobi, Kenya | ≤4.4 y | 466 | Sex workers, HIV− | 28.6 (18–52) | 50.6% | Nugent score 7–10 | TV culture |
| Kenyon et al35 | Retrospective (1999–2003) | Birmingham, AL | 1 y | 3620 | Healthy, not pregnant | 25.3 (7.0) | NR | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy or TV culture |
| Martin et al42 | Cohort, prospective (1993–1997) | Mombasa, Kenya | 21–1603 d | 657 | Sex workers, HIV− | NR | 40.0% | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy |
| Nijhawan et al36 | Cohort, retrospective (1993–1995) | Bronx, NY; Detroit, MI; Providence, RI; Baltimore, MD | ≤7 y | 1310 | 16–55 y, high-risk sex behaviors | 16–55 | 50.0% | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy |
| Rathod et al39 | Cohort, retrospective (2005–2006) | Mysore, India | 6 mo | 853 | 15–30 y, not pregnant, sexually active | 15–30 | 15.3% | Nugent score 7–10 | Wet mount microscopy or TV culture |
CT, C. trachomatis; NG, Neisseria gonorrhea; NR, not reported; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation; TMA, transcription-mediated amplification.