TABLE 2.
Quality Assessment of Observational Studies Using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Criteria
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rashwan et al.21 | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7 |
| Ortashi et al.22 | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | 6 |
| Lee et al.23 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 8 |
| Remschmidt et al.24 | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7 |
| Turiho et al.25 | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7 |
| Swarnapriya et al.26 | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 7 |
| Mammas et al.27 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | 7 |
| Fernandes et al.31s | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 8 |
| Wanderley et al.28 | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | 6 |
| Widjaja29 | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | 5 |
| Schmidt-Grimminger et al.33s | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | 4 |
| Zhuang et al.30 | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | 4 |
| Katz et al.32s | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | 4 |
Criteria: yes (Y), 1; no (N), 0; unclear (U), 0.
1 = Define the source of information (survey, record review); 2 = list inclusion and exclusion criteria for exposed and unexposed subjects (cases and controls) or refer to previous publications; 3 = indicate time period used for identifying patients; 4 = indicate whether or not subjects were consecutive if not population-based; 5 = indicate if evaluators of subjective components of study were masked to other aspects of the status of the participants; 6 = describe any assessments undertaken for quality assurance purposes (e.g., test/retest of primary outcome measurements); 7 = explain any patient exclusions from analysis; 8 = describe how confounding was assessed and/or controlled; 9 = if applicable, explain how missing data were handled in the analysis; 10 = summarize patient response rates and completeness of data collection; 11 = clarify what follow-up, if any, was expected and the percentage of patients for which incomplete data or follow-up was obtained.