FIG 1.

Experimental design of intranasal infection of B. pertussis. Schematic representation of Sprague-Dawley rats intranasally infected with B. pertussis. Whole-body plethysmography was used to measure cough and analyze lung function over the course of a 12-day infection. Body weight, bacterial burden of the respiratory tract, innate lymphoid recruitment, and antibody titers were measured at the days 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 postchallenge. The left lobe of the lung and the NALT were sectioned and stained with H&E for histological analysis, and immunohistochemistry was performed to visualize the bacteria in the left lobe of the lung and nasal cavity. (Figure 1 was created with BioRender.com.)